Category: Addiction News

  • Are Pregnant Women Using Marijuana More?

    Are Pregnant Women Using Marijuana More?

    A new report examined the most recent trends for smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy. 

    New federal data shows that while fewer women are taking in cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy, more are using marijuana. A research letter published in JAMA Pediatrics examines the data, gathered between 2002 and 2016.

    According to the data, the percentage of pregnant women who reported smoking cigarettes during pregnancy changed from 17.5% to around 10%. Alcohol use also fell from nearly 10% to close to 8.5%. While cannabis use among pregnant women is rare, the data shows it has increased from near 3% of pregnant women in the data collection, to almost 5%.

    The National Survey of Drug Use and Health provided the data, which came from 12,000 pregnant women ages 18 to 44. Close to 3,500 of these women were in their first trimester of pregnancy, a critical time for fetal development in general but specifically and crucially, of brain and neurological function.

    The CDC asks expectant mothers not to use the drug while pregnant, due to potential developmental harms for infants. While pot and cigarette smoke differ, they both are known to cause harm to the lungs, as reported in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

    According to NIDA, “Marijuana smoking is associated with large airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, and lung hyperinflation, and those who smoke marijuana regularly report more symptoms of chronic bronchitis than those who do not smoke.”

    The increase of pregnant women using cannabis may be due to new laws allowing medical marijuana use, which is now legal in nine states and on the agenda for approval in many more.

    However, this viewpoint is not as of yet supported by data, and it is probable to think that the increasing amount of stress for the average American­­­—expensive health insurance, costs of organic food, and pricey rent/mortgage—has played a role in pregnant women turning to smoking pot for stress relief.

    Overall, the percentage of smokers in the U.S. is at a new low, having dropped from 45.1 million cigarette smokers in 2005 to 36.5 million, close to 15% of the population, in 2015. The researchers did find that decreases in smoking were less pronounced among certain subgroups of pregnant women, including Black women, women ages 26 to 44, and those who did not finish high school.

    This data supports the idea that increased stress and lack of access to proper care and living also increases the chances that a pregnant woman would smoke marijuana.

    Alcohol use for the overall American population, including pregnant women, remains generally consistent. In other countries, especially European ones, drinking during pregnancy is acceptable in small doses, and even considered beneficial to the pregnancy.

    The National Survey researchers were reported in Time as concluding, “Greater public awareness regarding the consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure in offspring health is necessary.”

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • France Approves New Drug To Treat Alcoholism

    France Approves New Drug To Treat Alcoholism

    Some are concerned about the efficacy of the drug as well as its possible side effects.

    French health authorities have approved the use of a muscle relaxant in the treatment of people addicted to alcohol, despite side effects.

    ANSM, the national drug agency, cleared Baclofen for alcoholism treatment after a trial period that began in 2014, reported Medical Xpress. The drug had been used off-label for years before this in several countries.

    Fierce interest in this muscle relaxant as a treatment for alcohol addiction began in 2008 when Olivier Ameisen, a French cardiologist who practiced in the United States, published his book, Le Dernier Verre (the last drink).

    Ameisen outlines cases of his patients with alcohol use disorder who had failed to remain sober through Alcoholics Anonymous or other common treatments. Using a treatment of high doses of Baclofen, Ameisen was able to assist many of his patients in achieving sobriety.

    There are concerns about side effects with this muscle relaxant, and the dosage is limited to 80 milligrams per day, a reduction from the previous from 300 milligrams.

    Other critiques of using Baclofen for alcoholism says that it’s efficacy has not been proven, and others believe that treating addiction to a substance with another substance is a bad idea. The idea that using a substance to assist recovery is harmful has lost traction in America, with many states pushing for wider access to medication-assisted recovery for addiction.

    A French drug oversight agency said last year that Baclofen had shown “clinical benefits in some patients” and despite lack of harder evidence, the country appears more concerned about providing options for those addicted than ensuring solid evidence before opening access for treatment.

    Oftentimes getting through studies and red tape can take years but the frequent use of Baclofen as an off-market treatment for alcoholism may have swayed the government toward acceptance.

    The trial that was done included 132 heavy drinkers. After being treated with Baclofen, 80% either became abstinent or drank moderately. Two other drugs commonly used to treat alcoholics, Naltrexone and Acamprosate, has a success rate of 20 to 25%.

    Medical Press reported that ANSM director Dominique Martin said that the authorization of Baclofen (sold under brand names including Kemstro, Lioresal and Gablofen) was important to meet “a public health need.”

    He went on to say that holding back approval of the drug “did not seem reasonable to us given the needs and the seriousness of alcoholism, and the fact that tens of thousands of people are taking the medicine for this treatment,” he said.

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Woman Accused Of Lacing Co-Worker's Drink With Meth

    Woman Accused Of Lacing Co-Worker's Drink With Meth

    The woman says she is being framed and plans to fight the charges being levied against her.

    A North Carolina woman took a workplace dispute to the next level when she reportedly laced a coworker’s drink with methamphetamine as part of an on-going disagreement, causing him to need medical attention.

    Charissa Walker, 41, has been charged with possession of meth and felony contaminating food and drink. She was allegedly caught on video surveillance putting drugs into a coworkers drink in the break room of BeoCare, a medical equipment factory in Hudson, North Carolina, according to WSOC TV.

    Police say that the man whose drink she tampered with ingested an unknown quantity of meth. He went to the hospital, where he tested positive for the drug and told police that he had been poisoned. 

    Walker told a reporter that she knew the man whose drink was tampered with, but she wasn’t the one to put drugs in his drink. 

    “There was an ongoing situation and I was just blown away. I didn’t know what to think,” Walker said.

    Police asked to search her vehicle and reportedly found drugs there, but Walker said she is being framed. 

    “They asked if they could search my vehicle and I said sure,” she said. “They searched my vehicle and I think it was all like a complete setup.”

    Although the co-worker was okay, the police say that the situation could have been a lot worse. 

    “With an unknown amount of a controlled substance like methamphetamine, you never know what dangers it may pose,” Hudson Police Chief Richard Blevins said. “You never know what underlying health conditions that may have a negative effect on so it’s definitely a very dangerous situation.”

    Walker was released from jail on a $15,000 bond and said that she plans to fight the charges and hire a lawyer to help her do so. 

    The nation is reportedly experiencing a rise in meth-related overdoses. While the drug was once made in small batches locally, it is now being pushed by Mexican cartels who are manufacturing it for cheaper than ever. 

    Last month, the DEA warned parents to be aware of meth in their children’s Halloween candy, since edible forms of the drug have been spotted. 

    “These treats can look like traditional candies, but can have harmful effects if consumed by a child,” the DEA said in a news release. “The DEA and law enforcement agencies throughout the country have seen an increase of seizures of drug-laced edibles, including but not limited to chocolates, suckers and gummies.”

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Canada Faces Year-Long Legal Marijuana Shortage

    Canada Faces Year-Long Legal Marijuana Shortage

    Supply issues began almost immediately after recreational marijuana officially became legal in mid-October. 

    Less than a month after declaring marijuana legal, Canada’s legal dispensaries are struggling to meet the overwhelming demand for cannabis, which may remain in short supply or out of stock.

    News outlets like Vice have laid the blame on licensed producers that grossly overestimated their ability to deliver their product in massive amounts, though High Times noted that the supply issue is a temporary problem that will be corrected once growers can bring their production up to speed. How long that will take remains unclear, though some projections see the dry spell lasting up to 18 months.

    As the New York Times observed, shortage issues began almost immediately after the October 17 launch of legalization in the country. Some provinces were simply unprepared to meet the staggering demand. In Ontario, where physical cannabis stores will not be open to the public until April 2019, the sole online retailer received more than 150,000 orders in a single week, while in British Columbia, just two government-sanctioned retailers—one a 10-hour drive from Vancouver—are available to customers. 

    But even provinces with more retailers find themselves unable to keep up with orders. Quebec has 12 shops, but has been forced to close them for three days a week in order to catch up with the demand. 

    According to one industry member, the problem lies with licensers who saw the cannabis industry as the means to a quick cash influx. “Most of these guys, they’ve been wearing pinstripe suits their whole career,” said Dan Sutton, founder of Tantalus Labs in British Columbia. “They’ve never spent any time on a farm, and they don’t know shit about agriculture.”

    Sutton said that time and understanding are crucial to creating a sustainable cannabis facility with repeatable product. Tantalus Labs took four years to design and build its greenhouse, but according to Sutton, other companies have devoted only months to their operations.

    Additionally, few of the growers hired by these facilities have the experience to maintain large cannabis crops, which have specific requirements for irrigation and nutrients that, if not met, can spell doom for a crop. 

    With those factors in play, Sutton said that “we will not see anything close to equitable supply relative to demand in the next 18 months.” But other industry members believe that patience is the key to solving the shortage problem. Jordan Sinclair, vice president of communications for Canopy, the largest legal cannabis producer in the world, said that some product has yet to reach the level of maturity needed for cultivating, and the market will even out in a few months.

    Increasing the number of licenses issued to producers may also help, but as Rosalie Wyonch, an analyst with C.D. Howe Institute, said that even that may not be enough to deal with the problem. She also noted that the Canadian government should adhere to its plan to reduce the country’s black market marijuana trade, but ultimately, the solution remains with the supply.

    “Licensed producers basically need to grow as much weed as possible,” she said.

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • French Montana Says He Could Have Saved Mac Miller From Addiction

    French Montana Says He Could Have Saved Mac Miller From Addiction

    “If I was around him a couple more nights, I would have made him stop … but he didn’t have nobody that was doing that.”

    Hip hop artist French Montana said that he could have stopped rapper Mac Miller’s overdose death by talking to his friend about the way that his drug use was getting out of control. 

    Speaking on BET’s Raq Rants, Montana said that Miller “was doing the same thing every other artist was doing out there.”

    He suggested that if Miller had someone to give him a reality check — or some tough love — the outcome might have been different. 

    “If you’ve seen the video that me and him did, I’m like, ‘Yo, bro, you’re overdoing it.’ But that was him way before,” he said. “Sometimes if people don’t have people that keep them grounded, it can go left. I just feel like they let him get away with whatever he chooses to do.”

    Montana went so far as to say that he could have stopped Miller from abusing drugs and alcohol. 

    “I feel like I have people that, if I do something like that, how I was to him like a big brother, like, ‘Bro, you’re bugging out.’ … He ain’t have that around him,” Montana said. “Because if I did it that night, if I was around him a couple more nights, I would have made him stop … but he didn’t have nobody that was doing that.”

    While Montana might want to believe that he could have helped his friend, anyone with up close experience with addiction knows that facilitating recovery isn’t as easy as just telling someone to snap out of it. 

    “Substances are incredibly powerful and rewarding,” Kevin Gilliland, a clinical psychologist and executive director of Innovation360 Dallas, told Yahoo Lifestyle. “It’s not as simple as someone saying, ‘You need to stop.’”

    Gilliland said that Montana is hinting at some important ways to help people who are dealing with addiction — including keeping them grounded. 

    “That is often a hugely important piece of helping someone fight addiction, it doesn’t always work,” Gilliland said. “One of the most powerful things I’ve seen for someone getting help for an addiction is having meaningful, significant relationships.” 

    Talking to someone about their substance abuse and letting them know that you are concerned is a good idea, he added. However, friends and family members have to realize that this doesn’t always work, and that it could make their loved one angry. 

    “They will get angry and defensive, but you have to talk to them,” Gilliland said. 

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Anti-Marijuana Attorney General Jeff Sessions Resigns

    Anti-Marijuana Attorney General Jeff Sessions Resigns

    “Our hope is the next attorney general will recognize that it is not politically popular to escalate the war on drugs,” said one drug reform advocate.

    Jeff Sessions is out as U.S. Attorney General.

    The former U.S. Senator from Alabama resigned on Wednesday (Nov. 7), a day after the midterm elections.

    “At your request I am submitting my resignation,” Sessions wrote in a letter to the White House. His chief of staff, Matthew Whitaker, will serve as acting attorney general until a permanent replacement is found.

    Sessions’ departure from the Department of Justice is cause for celebration for advocates of drug policy reform.

    “He’s been an absolute disgrace on drug policy. We would welcome any attorney general whose policy ideas would move beyond the 1980s,” said Michael Collins, interim director of national affairs at the Drug Policy Alliance.

    The 71-year-old former Alabama senator’s opinion of marijuana in particular is perhaps best illustrated by this statement he made during a 2016 Senate hearing: “Good people don’t smoke marijuana.”

    He also said in February 2017, “I don’t think America is going to be a better place when people of all ages, and particularly young people, are smoking pot. I believe it’s an unhealthy practice, and current levels of THC in marijuana are very high compared to what they were a few years ago, and we’re seeing real violence around that.”

    Last year, he took aim at sentencing reform, telling federal prosecutors to stop seeking leniency for low-level drug offenders and start seeking the toughest penalties possible, as NBC News reported at the time.

    And in January, Sessions reversed an Obama-era policy—the 2013 Cole memo—that prioritized marijuana cases that presented a safety threat (involving minors, organized crime, etc.) but otherwise left alone U.S. states that have approved marijuana in some capacity. In his own memo, the attorney general called it a “return to the rule of law.”

    But despite Sessions’ anti-marijuana stance, on Tuesday, Michigan became the 10th state to legalize cannabis for adult use, and two others—Utah and Missouri—approved medical marijuana.

    Marijuana policy reform has been winning with each election, and appears more popular than ever.

    “Our hope is the next attorney general will recognize that it is not politically popular to escalate the war on drugs,” said Collins of the Drug Policy Alliance.

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • 4 Important Reasons to "Keep Coming Back" to AA, Even When We Don't Need To

    4 Important Reasons to "Keep Coming Back" to AA, Even When We Don't Need To

    Don’t underestimate just how powerful your presence at a 12-step meeting can be for another person’s recovery.

    More than I care to admit, my usual 12-step meeting times will pop up on my calendar and I’ll think to myself, “Can I get away with skipping this one?”

    A lot of folks in the rooms will tell you that you shouldn’t skip meetings because relapse happens when we get lax in recovery. You get out of recovery what you invest into it, and the practice of consistently showing up makes your program stronger.

    I don’t disagree with that. But even so, when I’m having a good day, going to a meeting sounds like a drag — and one meeting, I figure, is not going to make or break my sobriety.

    Besides, I’ve earned a break, haven’t I?

    There are four simple words that snap me back into reality, though: It’s not about you.

    Put another way, we show up to these meetings because we’re building a community of support. But when we feel the temptation to not show up, it’s easy to forget the bigger picture.

    So why go to that meeting, even when your recovery doesn’t depend on it? It’s pretty simple: recovery is about so much more than not picking up a drink. The next time you’re thinking about missing out on a meeting, consider these four reasons why showing up still matters.

    1. Someone might need your presence or your story.

    You might be the one familiar face in the room that reminds someone that they’re in the right place. Something that you share might be exactly what someone else needs to hear. You never know what your presence is bringing to the table — and how valuable it might be to someone else.

    When I finally went back to AA after two years of relapses and denial, I can’t express just how comforting it was to see people I could remember. They were still there (and amazingly, still sober) and genuinely happy to see me again.

    Their presence was a reminder that AA wasn’t just a gathering place for sad drunks — it was a community. It was a place where warmth, compassion, and laughter could always be found. At times, it was really the only place where I could laugh.

    Many of us arrive at our first meetings unsure of what we’ll find and afraid to speak up. And often times it was hearing “our story” — seeing ourselves and our struggles in someone else’s share — that gave us the strength to keep coming back and truly commit to our recovery.

    Despite numerous therapists, social workers, and loved ones urging me to get help, the only thing that pulled me from my deep state of denial was listening to other alcoholics. As one old-timer explained to me, “This fellowship is the only mirror in which I can see myself clearly.”

    To this day, I can remember those people’s stories, even if they never noticed me hiding in the back of the room. They may have spoken casually without any thought of reaching anyone, but their words had an unforgettable impact on me.

    Tonight, someone might show up to the rooms, not sure if they belong or if they want to stay. Your smile, your energy, or your words could be the anchor that grounds them. Don’t underestimate just how powerful your presence can be for another person’s recovery.

    2. 12-step meetings can only thrive if everyone commits to showing up.

    Think about it: if we only showed up when we were feeling terrible, what would meetings look like, exactly? They’d be pretty dismal places. There’d be experiences to share — but where would the strength and hope come from?

    On chip nights, when I saw members getting their chips for five, ten, even twenty years, I used to wonder why they bothered to show up. “Do they really think they’re going to slip up at this point?” It’s true, they might, but when I listened to the responsibility statement, I realized that it wasn’t just for them. They showed up for the fellowship, and for the alcoholic who still suffers. Their presence was an act of gratitude.

    Members who show up consistently, even and especially when they don’t “need” to, are the heart and soul of 12-step meetings. The program only truly works when people are willing to build a lasting community together.

    AA isn’t just the couch you crash on when you’re down on your luck; these rooms represent a safe haven that should always be there, and will be — as long as we keep coming back.

    3. Sobriety is an ongoing practice — not a destination.

    I’ve often joked that alcoholism is a form of amnesia, but there’s some truth to that, too. Without a consistent practice — in which we repeatedly confront, accept, and reflect on our condition, while building up the coping skills needed to manage our lives — it’s all too easy to return to our old ways.

    I don’t know about you, but my old ways weren’t exactly charming.

    I could be resentful, self-centered, and impulsive. Like many alcoholics, I’ve fooled myself into thinking I had more power over situations than I actually did. I’ve been the bull in the china shop, barreling my way through life. I much prefer the acceptance, grace, and warmth that I work hard to embody today.

    Left to my own devices, though? I fall out of the routine that helps me sustain my recovery and keeps me accountable. The resentments start to pile up. My stubbornness comes to the surface. My sense of gratitude diminishes.

    Sobriety is not a point at which you arrive. Personal growth is a direction we move in — not a finish line we cross. Think of a fellowship, then, as your compass, helping to direct that growth.

    Sobriety is a practice, and when we regularly attend meetings, we flex the muscles needed to strengthen and maintain our coping skills. The more we flex those muscles, the more intuitive those skills become. And as the Ninth Step Promises state, we “intuitively know how to deal with situations that used to baffle us.”

    Developing that intuition means reinforcing it, and meetings are a consistent and reliable way of doing this, with a community that supports you unconditionally through that process.

    4. Joy is an incredible contribution.

    I’m an optimist and an extrovert by nature. When I first started attending meetings, I very seriously wondered if my personality would be “too much” for a space like AA. Was I too happy? Would my upbeat nature be grating in such an emotionally-vulnerable space?

    But each time I shared my experiences, there was a chorus of gratitude that followed — the energy that I brought to the rooms was appreciated and seen. That’s when I finally understood something: authentic joy is an amazing gift to bring to my community.

    So when I’m especially happy on any given day? I make an extra effort to show up to meetings. I let my smile signal to others that there is joy in sobriety. I let my laugh remind newcomers that there are better days ahead.

    And I let my excitement and enthusiasm lift up those around me, especially those who might be wondering if there is a place for them in AA. When I show up authentically, it allows others to do the same. It makes those rooms a more welcoming place.

    I may not feel motivated on a given day to show up to a meeting. But when I can’t show up for myself, I do it for my community.

    And inevitably, when I do, my joy only seems to multiply. It seems that — at least in 12-step programs — what you give to others always comes back to you in spades.

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Medical Marijuana Participation Drastically Drops In Oregon

    Medical Marijuana Participation Drastically Drops In Oregon

    Experts have a number of theories as to why the state’s medical marijuana program has experienced a 40% drop in participation.

    The number of people participating in the medical marijuana program in Oregon has dropped by about 40% this year, as more people opt to get their cannabis from recreational outlets rather than navigate the complex medical marijuana system.

    “Marijuana is legal in Oregon,” Oregon Health Authority spokesman Jonathan Modie told the Sun Herald. “You don’t need a medical card. We’re not surprised we’ve seen a drop.” 

    Medical marijuana patients don’t need to pay the same taxes as recreational users, who are taxed at about 20%. However, medical patients need to pay a $200 annual registration fee to renew their license and are subject to tight restrictions. 

    Diana Calvert of River City Retail marijuana dispensary says she repeatedly heard from customers who have left the medical marijuana system. 

    “They say, ‘I let my medical card expire. It’s too expensive to renew. I’ll just pay the taxes.’”

    At the same time, growers are opting to switch to recreational sales rather than learning a complex new tracking system that the state requires for medical sales or exchanges.

    “I think a lot of people say, ‘Let’s cut my overhead and go to the rec side,’” Republican State Rep. Carl Wilson said. 

    The changes could reflect that some people on the medical marijuana program were just trying to access the drug legally, said Rob Bovett, legal counsel for the Association of Oregon Counties.

    “Those that were getting an [medical marijuana] card as a ruse to get marijuana for recreational purposes … no longer need to continue the ruse after we legalized recreational marijuana,” he said. 

    The medical system in Oregon was legalized in 1998, and allows registered participants to grow their own cannabis or obtain it from someone who grows it for them.

    However, a new tracking system has made exchanging marijuana on the medical market more complex, so that many people who previously grew cannabis for medical patients have stopped doing so. 

    “Many patients are just unable to find a grower to supply them. Previously I think it was relatively easy for a patient who didn’t know anyone, in relatively short order, to find a grower to provide free or low-cost cannabis,” said Cedar Grey, a grower and member of the Oregon Cannabis Commission, a state advisory body. “With the changes they’ve made [to the medical marijuana program], it’s much more difficult to care for other patients. Therefore, the number of growers willing to do that has dropped significantly.”

    Recreational use of marijuana was legalized in 2014, allowing people to grow their own plants or obtain cannabis from licensed growers and dispensaries. 

    Despite the fact that it’s arguably easier than ever to obtain pot, Pete Gendron, president of the Oregon SunGrowers Guild, an association of growers, said that the breakdown of the medical market could affect low income people particularly hard. 

    “They don’t have the money to go to the corner dispensary,” he said.

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Can Tetris Help Alleviate Anxiety?

    Can Tetris Help Alleviate Anxiety?

    Researchers explored whether the classic game could have positive effects on those battling anxiety.

    Could an old-school video game help ease your anxiety? New research points to yes. 

    According to NPR, Kate Sweeny, a psychologist at the University of California, Riverside, conducted research into whether the game Tetris can have positive effects for those struggling with anxiety. 

    The premise of the game is to rotate and adjust moving tiles so they fit into a flat line at the bottom of the screen.

    “Years of my life were lost disappearing into a game of Tetris on my Nintendo system,” Sweeny told NPR.

    The game, according to Sweeny, can help ease anxiety by allowing players to enter a state psychologists call “flow.”

    “The state of flow is one where you’re completely absorbed or engaged in some kind of activity,” Sweeny told NPR. “You lose your self-awareness, and time is just flying by.”

    In conducting the study, Sweeny’s team focused on people who were waiting for “uncertain, potentially life-altering news” with the idea that playing Tetris could help their minds focus elsewhere for a period of time.

    Specifically, they took a group of 300 college students and told them their peers would be rating how attractive they were. 

    “I know, it’s kind of cruel, but we found it’s a really effective way to get people stressed out,” Sweeny told NPR.

    While the students were waiting for the results, they were instructed to play Tetris. There were three levels of difficulty assigned to different students: one slow, easy and boring; one fast, challenging and frustrating; and one classic version, meaning the game is adjusted based on the player’s ability. 

    While players still reported varying degrees of worry, the group that played the classic version reported slightly increased levels of positive emotions and slightly decreased levels of negative ones. 

    “It wasn’t a huge difference, but we think it’s noticeable,” Sweeny told NPR. “And over time, it can add up.”

    Games aren’t the only way to reach a state of flow, according to Elizabeth Dunn, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia who studies happiness.

    “Think of the activity that grabs your attention and doesn’t let it go,” Dunn told NPR. “For me, it’s mountain biking.” 

    While Dunn was not involved in the research, she says the results were not surprising.

    “I can’t say I found this study particularly surprising at all,” she told NPR. “Mostly because, based on previous research, it’s hard to find a situation where the experience of flow isn’t a good thing.”

    Dunn also noted that the research indicates “that even in tough moments, we should push ourselves to do something challenging to get us out of the moment.”

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • El Chapo Trial Begins In New York City

    El Chapo Trial Begins In New York City

    Joaquín Guzmán is accused of running the Sinaloa drug cartel from 1989 to 2014.

    The high-security trial for one of the world’s most well-known criminals—Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán—began this week in New York City. 

    The federal trial, according to AFP, began Monday (Nov. 5) and is expected to last about four months. 

    Guzmán is accused of having led the Sinaloa cartel from 1989 to 2014. During those years, prosecutors say that the cartel was responsible for bringing 340,892 pounds of cocaine into the U.S. from Mexico, in addition to heroin, methamphetamine and marijuana—making a total of $14 billion. 

    Currently facing charges of international drug trafficking, conspiring to kill rivals, gun charges and money laundering, Guzmán was extradited from Mexico in January 2017 and has been in solitary confinement in the U.S. ever since, spending 23 hours per day in his cell.

    He is only allowed visits from his lawyer and twin daughters—even his wife, Emma Coronel, is not allowed to see him. 

    This is not the first time Guzmán has been captured. In 1992, he was arrested in Guatemala and spent more than seven years in prison, but then escaped in 2001. He was again arrested in 2014, then escaped 14 months later before being arrested most recently in January 2016. 

    While the alleged cartel leader maintains his innocence, the government has been building a case against him, which includes more than 300,000 pages of documents and at least 117,000 recordings.

    AFP reports that of the several hundred witnesses will testify, some are in witness protection programs while others are in jail. 

    The trial is expected to be the most expensive federal trial in U.S. history, costing millions of dollars. 

    Jury selection took place Monday (Nov. 5) through Wednesday. CNN reports that five men and seven women were chosen. The 12 individuals include “several immigrants, Spanish speakers and people with relatives in law enforcement.”

    Some potential jurors expressed fear over being involved in the trial.

    “What scares me is that his family could come after jurors and their families,” one of the women told the court, according to AFP. She added that she felt “nervous” and “unsafe.”

    CNN reports that other jurors were dismissed for various reasons; one juror asked for Guzmán’s autograph and another said he liked to order a sandwich called “El Chapo.”

    The 12 chosen jurors will remain anonymous and will be escorted to federal court daily by U.S. Marshals, CNN reports.  

    View the original article at thefix.com