Tag: schizophrenia

  • Is There A Connection Between Genetics & Psychotic Episodes?

    Is There A Connection Between Genetics & Psychotic Episodes?

    Studies have shown that approximately three out of 100 people will have a psychotic episode in their lifetime.

    A psychotic episode—in which an individual hears, sees or perceives stimuli that does not exist—is a more common experience that might be imagined.

    Studies have shown that approximately three out of 100 people will have a psychotic episode in their lifetime, with many of these occurring during adolescence or young adulthood. While a psychotic episode is not always indicative of mental illness, it is considered to be one of the primary symptoms of schizophrenia

    But does having a psychotic episode also mean that one is schizophrenic? Researchers examined this possible connection by looking at genetic commonalities between individuals who have had psychotic episodes and those with schizophrenia.

    To uncover a possible link between these two demographics, researchers from across the globe conducted the largest study into genetics by examining data from the UK Biobank study, which compiled genetic information on 500,000 individuals for disease prevention research.

    Genes and DNA sequences were gathered from more than 6,000 individuals who had reported having a psychotic episode but had not been diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other mental disorder. Data was also taken from more than 121,000 people who had reported never having a psychotic episode.

    External Factors Likely Play Significant Role in Producing Isolated Episodes

    The researchers’ analysis found that genetics did play a role in the possibility of having a psychotic episode, albeit a small one, and that external or environmental factors may have greater influence in producing isolated episodes. In an article for Live Science, the study authors noted that a traumatic experience may increase the chances for such an episode, as could excessive cannabis use.

    More significantly, researchers also found that the genes associated with psychotic experiences were also linked to a host of other mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, but also depression and bipolar disorder, as well as developmental issues like autism or ADHD. 

    More Research Is Needed

    Ultimately, the study authors concluded that more extensive research into the relationship between genes and psychotic episodes could answer questions that arose during their data analysis. These include the causes of psychotic episodes, as well as the full risks involved in having such an experience.

    Additionally, how the genes that are associated with psychotic episodes actually cause them to happen remains unclear, which requires additional inquiry into what the authors described as “the biological mechanism that causes these types of experiences.”

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Critics Respond To Malcolm Gladwell's Controversial Cannabis Article

    Critics Respond To Malcolm Gladwell's Controversial Cannabis Article

    In a recent New Yorker feature Gladwell makes the case that marijuana is not as “safe as we think.”

    Journalist Malcolm Gladwell’s recent feature in The New Yorker about the possible connections between marijuana use and paranoid/psychotic behavior has drawn fierce critical responses from both cannabis consumers and fellow writers alike.

    A new editorial in The Atlantic crystallizes the core issues that opponents have voiced about the story: In citing former Los Angeles Times reporter Alex Berenson’s book Tell Your Children: The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness, and Violence, both Gladwell and Berenson appear to be making broad assumptions about the potential for marijuana use to incite paranoia, schizophrenia and violent behavior based on research and anecdotes that do not reach the conclusions that the authors state.

    As James Hamblin, who wrote the Atlantic piece, noted, Gladwell and Berenson’s assertions are the “public-intellectual equivalent of just sayin’.”

    In the New Yorker story, Gladwell sought to make the case that marijuana is not as safe a drug as proponents claim it to be. His primary source for this assertion is Berenson’s book, which cites statistics from the state of Washington, which at first blush, seem to indicate that murder and aggravated-assault rates rose by 40% between 2013 and 2017 — the period immediately before and after the state legalized recreational marijuana.

    Berenson also cited a 2017 report on the health effects of cannabis by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), which found “substantial evidence of a statistical association between cannabis use and the development of schizophrenia or other psychoses.”

    But as Hamblin and others note, Gladwell appears to focus less on the wealth of inconclusive or conflicting results found in both sources, as well as the many other factors that contribute to mental illness and violent behavior.

    Gladwell writes, “We don’t know that an increase in cannabis use was responsible for that surge in violence” in Washington State. Nor do Gladwell or Berenson appear to mention that the NAM research also found statistical evidence of a link between “cannabis use and better cognitive performance among individuals with psychotic disorders,” as well as “moderate evidence of no statistical association between cannabis use and worsening of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.”

    As Hamblin and science writer Dave Levitan both noted, there are two issues at hand with Gladwell and Berenson’s assertions. One is a cherry-picking of data to prove a point: In regard to the statistics about Washington, Levitan noted that while the state did experience an increase in murders between 2013 and 2017, the rate actually fell between 2015 and 2016. Additionally, the murder rate from 2012 to 2017 actually only increased by 3%. So, as Levitan wrote, “Which murder rate do you use?”

    Both authors also noted that Gladwell and Berenson continually confuse correlation with causation. As Hamblin writes, “Berenson argues that if marijuana can cause psychotic breaks from reality, and psychotic people are more inclined to violence, marijuana is a cause of violence.” Levitan breaks it down even further: “Crime tends to spike in the summer; so does ice cream consumption. Did all that ice cream cause the crime?”

    Ultimately, what emerges from Gladwell and Berenson’s narratives is the undeniable fact that more research into cannabis is necessary. But linking its use to mental illness and violence will actually make such efforts more difficult. Hamblin cited Yasmin Hurd, director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, who said, “Many people who are making the decisions about funding going to the [National Institute of Health] and other organizations will now say that we should have a moratorium on a drug that increases murder. Why would we want to do that and put people’s lives at risk?”

    View the original article at thefix.com

  • Evolution of a Beard: My Growth as Reflected Through Facial Hair

    Evolution of a Beard: My Growth as Reflected Through Facial Hair

    My hatred and rage grew alongside my father’s beard. Beards represented mental illness. Beards represented embarrassment. Beards represented my failed family.

    The last time I saw my father without a beard was the night he accused me of being an alien sent to harvest his testicles. It was the summer before I entered eighth grade.

    My father’s mustached face was otherwise smooth. Always had been as far as I knew. I remember kissing his cheeks as a child. Avoiding the scratchy upper lip hair.

    Now, my father’s cheeks were blushed with anger and fear. I lost myself staring into his terrified eyes.

    That night was the culmination of months of odd behavior. Standing outside at my sister’s Girl Scout summer camp, my father screamed accusations at everyone. His family had been replaced by testicle harvesting aliens. The other parents were FBI agents who’d been stalking him at work and recording his thoughts for months.

    I’d always known my dad was a little odd. He had disappeared a few times for no reason. Usually my sister and I would end up staying a few nights at my grandparents’ house. My mom would buy us new toys. My dad would eventually reappear. Things returned to our version of normal. Unknown to me was his diagnosis of schizophrenia.

    This time I knew exactly why my dad disappeared, he was going to the mental hospital; the loony bin. My dad was certifiably crazy and teenage me knew it. Worse, other people knew it. Other teens! Complete strangers. This last image of my father without a beard is seared into my memory.

    My father came home from the hospital with a beard. Well, he came home with three days of unshaven stubble. Still, it was thick, dark, and covered his face. This bearded man no longer looked like my dad. This bearded man no longer acted like my dad.

    The bearded stranger talked to himself out loud in private and public. He cursed and gestured wildly at random times, crossing himself with vigor as he watched Catholic Mass on TV three times a day. We weren’t Catholic. The bearded man spent evenings and weekends shopping for pornographic movies that sat unwatched and unopened in haystack shaped piles in our basement.

    My hatred and rage grew alongside his beard. I hated my father. I hated his beard. By extension, I hated everyone with a beard. Beards represented mental illness. Beards represented embarrassment. Beards represented my failed family. Beards were something crazy people used to hide behind.

    I daydreamed of shaving my father’s beard. Peeling off the stubble to reveal the man he had been prior to having a beard: the father I no longer had.

    At the time I wasn’t able to grow my own beard. That didn’t stop me from making a pact with myself – I would never grow a beard, damn it.

    As you can see in the image accompanying this article, I did not keep my pact.

    As an adult, I didn’t have a beard or a relationship with my father. I became a father myself and vowed to never put my children through what I had gone through: a childhood filled with an empty father.

    I didn’t prevent my father from having a relationship with my children. My mother and father would visit sporadically throughout the year and at holidays. My children were fine interacting with my father. Hell, sometimes I’d catch a glimpse in my children’s eyes of what looked like love toward their grandfather.

    I wasn’t doing so well, though. I treated lingering depression and anxiety with antidepressants, sporadic counseling, and another illness: alcohol use disorder.

    I was failing at life and I frequently drank until I blacked out. I was divorced and only seeing my kids every other weekend. I tried to wash away my bitterness and guilt but instead I found myself on an alcohol-fueled ride to my rock bottom.

    The last time I remember not having a beard was the last time I remember drinking alcohol. I had an appointment with a new counselor. He told me that nothing could improve if I kept drinking and that he wouldn’t work with me if I didn’t stop. Somehow, I heard him. I also heard what he wasn’t saying: things could improve if I stopped drinking.

    I went home and got drunk for the last time that evening.

    It wasn’t easy to stop drinking. At first, every minute of every day was hard. I didn’t have the energy to do anything other than attend AA meetings and counseling. Then, without thinking, I stopped shaving and grew a short beard. At first it brought me comfort in a tangible way: I’d rub on it and scratch it and twist the hairs. After a few weeks it started filling in. And so did my sobriety. My beard grew thicker along with my willpower. I kept the beard and I’ve kept my sobriety.

    At some point I made the first proactive phone call to my father I’d ever made. It wasn’t a magical conversation– we talked about sports and the weather, the same topics we’ve always been able to safely cover during face-to-face conversations over the years. When it was over, I hung up the phone, feeling sick to my stomach. I knew I’d never have the dad I wish I had. I know it’s on me to deal with it. But I wanted to have whatever relationship I could with him.

    I’m four years sober. In these four years I’ve searched my soul to forgive my father. My children love their grandfather. They don’t know the bearded stranger I knew when I was growing up. They’ve never known him without a beard. They only know him as Grandpa!

    I can’t regain my childhood. And I can’t undo what I’ve done to my children. But I can make sure I don’t go back to the dark place of alcohol abuse.

    I kiss my children with a beard. I cuddle my youngest daughter and tickle her with my whiskers. She’s never known me without a beard. My kids see beards differently than I did.

    Today I still have a beard. I keep this beard as a reminder of the importance of staying sober; a reminder of the importance of my family; a reminder of the forgiveness I’ve given others and that I’ve asked for from my loved ones.

    View the original article at thefix.com