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Category: Addiction News

  • Is Marijuana Today Truly Stronger Than It Was Back When Your Parents ‘Experimented’?

    Is Marijuana Today Truly Stronger Than It Was Back When Your Parents ‘Experimented’?

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Young people believe the marijuana today is much stronger than it was when their parents were around. But is this true? If so, how much stronger can today’s marijuana really be? The article aims to answer these questions and inform you about how marijuana has changed in the past few decades.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: Less than 10 minutes.

    Table of Contents:

    Psychoactive Properties

    Marijuana is the dried flowers of the plant “Cannabis sativa” which contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It’s this chemical that causes psychoactive elements within the brain which many describe as euphoric and relaxing. Marijuana can come in a variety of forms including:

    • Edibles (food or drink with added cannabis extracts)
    • Hashish (concentrated resin from the flowering buds)
    • Hash oil (high concentrated oil from the plant)

    Effects have to do with the way marijuana affects our body when we ingest it. By targeting our nervous system, THC attaches itself to cannabinoid receptors and cause an effect of the user’s experience. These receptors can be found in areas of the brain responsible for concentration, memory, movement, and perception. When these area of the brain are triggered by THC, people tend to feel a sense of relaxation and euphoria. Some get very happy and enjoy everything about the moment. Others may feel senses of paranoia and anxiety due to THC’s effects.

    The main psychoactive effects of the THC found in marijuana include:

    • A sense of relaxation
    • An altered sense of time, sound, space, and sight
    • Bloodshot eyes
    • Dryness of mouth
    • Lowered attention
    • Lowered inhibition
    • Nausea
    • Sleepiness

    A Brief History of Marijuana Legality

    The legal status of marijuana has – more or less – influenced the potency, packaging, and consumption of this drug. Though marijuana has been around for centuries, it wasn’t considered an illicit drug until the 1930’s. Since then, use of marijuana has been outlawed across the nation and it’s been labeled as a Schedule I substance.

    However, in the late 1990’s, after some years of research, marijuana began to be considered a drug with potential medical properties. Pretty soon, states across the country began legalizing it for “medicinal purposes only”. Then, in 2014, Colorado became the first state to legalize marijuana recreationally.

    The legal status of marijuana has changed the way in which people get their product. No longer do you have to go to a drug dealer and buy whatever s/he has, often grown on small, single farm settings. Now you can go to a corner store and purchase from a wide variety of different strains…often produced by larger and larger companies.

    Remember hearing about “Big Tobacco?” The legal environment and demand for weed is sprouting a new “Big Marijuana”…complete with industrial scale production warehouses. But does the way in which people buy marijuana really affect how strong it the product being supplied is?

    Did Legality Make Marijuana Stronger?

    To some extent, yes. And there’s a simple reason. Those who grow the plant no longer have to worry about the law cracking down on them. They have more freedoms and ability to create the healthiest, most productive plant possible. Besides people smoking safer marijuana, this has also had the perk of cleaning up previously polluted illegal marijuana grow sites.

    With this knowledge, the question then arises, does a healthier plant make for a more potent drug?

    Maybe.

    The highest level of THC ever recorded in a single marijuana bud was tested at 32%. Legal strains of popular marijuana buds have an average THC count of 18.7%.

    Potency Levels

    Potency levels of marijuana vary from strain to strain. Within legal cannabis states, you’ll find that stores label each strain they sell with the amount of THC inside the product. According to NBC News, the average THC level in a legal Colorado marijuana plant is around 18.7%. However, this isn’t the most potent marijuana available.

    High Times magazine does an annual report on the strongest marijuana strains. In 2011, the winning strain had a THC count of 25.49%. That number rose in 2014 to 27.46% and was of the same strain. In 2016, the highest level of THC ever recorded in a single marijuana bud was tested at 32.13%.

    As we can see, marijuana potency is rising quickly. Still, it should be noted, what you’ll find at your local dispensary most likely doesn’t have a 30% THC count. Legal strains of most popular marijuana buds have an average THC count of 18.7%.

    So, is this number higher than it was thirty years ago?

    Potency Comparisons with the Past

    According to this 2016 article published in Biological Psychiatry , marijuana’s THC count was around 4% in 1995. This would leave most people to assume that the answer is clear – that marijuana is absolutely more potent nowadays than it used to be. However, when it comes to testing prior marijuana, there are complications which are often overlooked.

    The government has a way of testing marijuana known as gas chromatography. The purpose of this test is to get an idea of how much THC is in each plant. However, gas chromatography alters the chemical profile of a marijuana plant and even breaks down THC molecules. So, older methods of testing THC were fairly insufficient considering the fact that THC could’ve been burned away before final reports were made.

    Still, because marijuana was illegal across the nation in past decades, police seized tons of it. Leading to the hope that maybe scientists can get their hands on it and test it properly. But even those working with the National Institute on Drug Abuse are very limited to their studying of cannabis.

    Furthermore, weed differs from place to place and from strain to strain. Therefore, even if a batch of marijuana from the 1980s was given to scientists, it doesn’t necessarily constitute the overall average THC count of everyone was smoking.

    It’s truly tricky to determine how potent marijuana was back when your parents “experimented” with it. Still, there is one factor which remains true and may hold some answers.

    Potent Marijuana is Much More Accessible

    At the end of the day, it isn’t about whether marijuana is more potent now-a-days or not. Rather, it’s about how much easier it is to access potent marijuana.

    Look at it this way. When your parents “experimented” with marijuana, they weren’t able to walk into a store. Since they had to go through a drug dealer, their marijuana wasn’t labeled as it is now.

    Furthermore, it wasn’t legally grown in a safe and healthy environment. Therefore, they truly had little conception as to what they were smoking in comparison to marijuana users of today.

    Take into consideration the fact that the price of potent marijuana has dropped and you begin to get the picture that cannabis containing high amounts of THC has simply become more accessible. You can really get an idea of the convenience in obtaining marijuana today when looking at statistics of high school students who smoke.

    The National Institute of Drug Abuse reports of a sharp increase in high school marijuana use in the 1990s (around the time medical marijuana began to become available). Since then, the amount of marijuana use amongst adolescents has remained fairly steady with only a slight increase. However, the amount of people who see risk to marijuana use is sharply declining. In 2016, only 29% of 12th graders claimed there was a risk in regularly using marijuana. Twenty years ago, that number was closer to 60%.

    With that in mind, it can be determined that the overall perception of marijuana is most likely also changing the way in which we use it compared to our parents. Though this doesn’t change potency levels, since people are more lenient on using marijuana, more and more are willing to try it. With that, more are willing to buy into stronger marijuana. As the market continues to grow, so will potency levels.

    So, when it all comes down to it, marijuana is most likely stronger than when your parents used to “experiment” with it. However, it’s probably not much stronger. Instead, stronger marijuana is more accessible and, therefore, more people are smoking it.

    Risk of Addiction?

    Since the underlying problem with marijuana now-a-days is its accessibility rather than its potency, more and more people are:

    1. Able to get ahold of it.
    2. More willing to try it.

    Inevitably, this is causing more people to smoke chronically and become addicted. In fact, the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that 9-17% of people will become addicted to marijuana.

    Still, there’s a notion within our society that marijuana isn’t addictive and, due to its medicinal purposes, good. However, like other drugs such as pain medications, just because something has the potential for medicinal benefits doesn’t mean it’s impossible to abuse it. In fact, marijuana is one of the most abused drugs within America today.

    If you have concern for you or a loved one due to marijuana use, don’t overlook it simply because the overall perception of cannabis has become lenient. Marijuana addiction is very serious and can have numerous negative effects within your life. It’s important to reach out and seek help.

    So, Is Marijuana Addictive?

    YES!

    Considering its psychoactive effects, marijuana abuse is a prominent problem. People smoke to get high. But it’s not meant to be a long term solution to stress or anxiety. Though there are only so few physical properties of marijuana that can cause dependence, the psychological properties are vast.

    The signs of addiction are fairly related to mental side effects. So, you might be addicted to weed if you:

    • Experience cravings.
    • Realize that marijuana affects your responsibilities (i.e. school, work, family).
    • Use it daily and in large amounts.

    The Basics of Marijuana Addiction Treatment

    You are addicted to marijuana if you continue to use it despite it having negative effects on your life including:

    • Costing a relationship with another person or group of people.
    • Desiring to quit marijuana, but being unable to.
    • Experiencing marijuana withdrawals when you’ve reduced or quit.
    • Has affected your work and school for the worse.
    • Lack of activity in what used to interest you.
    • Needing more marijuana in order to feel its initial effects.
    • Spend a good amount of time, energy, and effort to obtain marijuana.
    • Using marijuana in dangerous situations such as operating a motor vehicle.

    Addiction treatment is available. The process of treatment varies from person to person, depending on their level of addiction. However, most people experience similar common characteristics of treatment based on talk therapy and possible medications.

    The first step to treatment is detoxing. This is when your brain and body rid itself of THC and return back to its normal, drug-free functioning. Usually, this process will last about a week, but it should be noted that THC can stay in your system for months. General withdrawal symptoms for weed include:

    • Aggression
    • Agitation
    • Anxiety
    • Craving
    • Insomnia
    • Irritability

    As you can see, all these withdrawal symptoms are psychological. With that, it can be expected that you’re going to need to take the time to learn how to manage day-to-day stressors without the aid of marijuana. These can be taught to you through psychotherapies. A list of common psychotherapies include:

    • 12-Step fellowship programs
    • Case or care managements
    • Individual and group counseling
    • Inpatient and residential treatment
    • Intensive outpatient treatment
    • Medication
    • Partial hospital programs
    • Peer supports
    • Recovery support services

    The road to recovery is a lifetime process. It’s important to surround yourself with the right support system and learn to live without the use of drugs. We promise, it’s very possible and you can do it!

    Where to Find Help

    It’s understandable if you have difficulty when searching for help with marijuana addiction. There may seem like there’s no options available, however, we guarantee those who can help are already around you.

    To begin, you’ll want to consult your doctor or physician. Through a medical assessment, s/he will give you a better comprehension of your current condition and the treatment you’ll need. Furthermore, they’ll be able to guide you towards the best addiction treatment centers within your area.

    Afterwards, you can research different types of treatment programs. By doing a bit of research, you can find one which best supports your needs. Keep an eye out for support groups either outside or within your treatment program.

    Since marijuana is a psychoactive drug which can form mental health issues, you’ll want to reach out to any clinical psychologists within your area. In order to do a more proper search, you can check out APA’s search engine.

    Lastly, don’t be afraid to reach out to family and friends. These are the people who have been in your life throughout your addiction and will continue to be afterwards. Their support is vital to the entire recovering process.

    Your Questions

    We hope to have answered your questions about the strength of weed over time. If you have any further questions pertaining to marijuana potency levels, how they differ from when your parents “experimented”, or marijuana addiction, we invite you to ask them below. If you have advice to give to those struggling with addiction or curious about potency levels of marijuana, we’d also love to hear from you.

    We try to reply to each comment personally and promptly!

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  • How to Find an Interventionist Near You

    How to Find an Interventionist Near You

    ARTICLE SUMMARY: A guide to finding a professional interventionist in your city or state. We also review how you can broaden your search to include out-of-state experts.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: Less than 10 minutes.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS:

    Not Everyone is a Good Interventionist

    So, you’re ready to hire a professional interventionist?

    This person can and should help you get a loved one into alcohol or drug rehab.

    First, we’d like to acknowledge the difficulty in making this decision. The upfront costs might seem high. However, the Association of Intervention Specialists states that the numbers suggest up to 90% of professionally guided interventions succeed at getting the person into treatment. So, not only are you increasing the chances your loved one will attend rehab…you can also have hope that they’ll get their life back on track. How much is that worth to you?
    In fact, an intervention might be the most important thing you do for your family! However, please be advised:

    Not everyone is a good interventionist.

    No matter who they are – whether Ph.D., MD, social worker, a marriage and family therapist, or have only a ‘hard knocks’ degree – training is necessary. Taking a weekend course or joining a supervision group does not make a person effective as an interventionist. Further still, even if the person is in addiction recovery…that does not mean that s/he is a clinician or knows about addiction treatment, nor does it mean that they know how to conduct an intervention.

    Interventions require training, ongoing supervision, and experience!

    Experience is Necessary

    Q: So, what should you be looking for when you spend $3,000+ on a professional intervention?
    A: A professional interventionist must know what they’re doing and have the experience to back it up.

    In fact, credentials are not a prerequisite. Experience matters. Regardless of the interventionist’s academic background, you need to figure out:

    •  What they know.
    •  What skills they have.
    •  Who’s trained them.
    •  What mentoring they’ve had.

    You can be sure to vet the person correctly by downloading and printing this Checklist for Hiring an Addiction Interventionist.

    For even more advice, you can check out The Definitive Guide to Addiction Interventions, a book that synthesizes the 30+ years of clinical work of Dr. Louise Stanger that has been edited by Addiction Blog Editor, Lee Weber.

    How to Find an Interventionist

    An intervention can change everything. It can give you hope. It can restore a sense of harmony to your family. And, the person struggling with an alcohol or drug addiction can finally get the medical attention that they need. How can you find the right person?

    There are a few ways you can identify the best person for your family.

    1. Search professional associations.

    It is important to find someone with experience, the appropriate licenses/certifications for your needs, and a strong code of ethics. Two professional organizations exist that collect this information: The Network of Independent Interventionists (NII) and the Association of Intervention Specialists (AIS). These organizations list members’ credentials, licenses, and certifications. You can search member listings here:

    •  The NII website, the Network of Independent Interventionists.
    •  The AIS website, the Association of Intervention Specialists.

    2. Seek a reference from a mental health professional.

    The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) exists as the nation’s premier advocacy group for addiction treatment. This NGO recommends that you seek help from the following professionals for intervention services:

    •  An alcohol and addictions counselor
    •  An addiction treatment center
    •  Psychiatrist
    •  Psychologist
    •  Social Worker

    Some of these professionals may have experience in interventions themselves. Other times, a mental health professional can refer you to a colleague or someone with a good reputation in the field. The organization also suggests that you reach out to NCADD Affiliates to be connected to referrals.

    3. Call us for help.

    The telephone number listed on this page will connect you to a helpline answered by American Addiction Centers (AAC). The helpline is offered at no cost and with no obligation to enter treatment. Caring admissions consultants are standing by to discuss your treatment options, which can include family intervention specialists. So, if you are ready to get help for you or a family member, reach out and pick up the phone.

    My Area or Out of State?

    So, should you be looking locally….or should you consider someone who’s out of state?

    Contrary to popular belief, a good interventionist is NOT LIMITED TO REGION. The right person is ready and able to travel…and has experience working with families of all types. In fact, their fees may not be incredibly different from someone who is local. Further, an out-of-state interventionist may have a broader outlook than someone who is near you. Here are some of the PROs and CONs of each.

    A local interventionist may:

    •  Be able to travel quickly to you or meet frequently.
    •  Be connected to local behavioral and mental health care providers.
    •  Be connected to local city/state agencies, including social services.
    •  Be limited in their referrals for treatment.
    •  Refer to local rehabs or treatment centers.

    An out-of-state interventionist may:

    •  Be available 24-7 on the phone or via email.
    •  Be connected to national behavioral and mental health care providers.
    •  Bill for travel expenses.
    •  Bring a fresh perspective to the situation.
    •  Have a broader network of referral sources.

    Local Search Tips

    If you’re looking for an alcohol or drug addiction interventionist near you, it can help to search for the right person via referral. Start with your family doctor and work your way out to other connections. For example, you can seek referrals from:

    While you may be concerned about anonymity, also know that Americans are increasingly destigmatizing addiction, especially through advocacy groups like Facing Addiction. In fact, an estimated one in three American families experiences addiction through one close family member. So, your friends and family can also be a source of help.

    National Search Tips

    If you’re interested in hiring someone who may have a wider view of the addiction treatment landscape, it can help to search nationwide databases for references to resources. Non-government organizations are especially helpful. Again, you’ll want to refern to the NII website, the Network of Independent Interventionists, and the AIS website, the Association of Intervention Specialists.

    Otherwise, we recommend that you look for an interventionist using the following websites:

     Clinical Qualities to Look For

    Again, not all interventionists offer the same level of expertise. For this reason, we suggest a quality check before hiring someone. You’ll want the person to demonstrate the following qualities outlined in part of Chapter 10 of The Definitive Guide to Addiction Interventions:

    1. Boundaries.

    A good interventionist will establish clinical boundaries between themselves and clients. These boundaries address the length of a counseling relationship, self-disclosure by a counselor, giving of gifts, and the limits of touch or personal communication between counselor and client. A boundary will also define or limit personal benefit of money or services that the interventionist receives. The emotional or dependency needs of a counselor should also be in check.

    NOTE HERE: Hiring an interventionist is like working with a contractor. So, it is helpful to vet the person you want to work with via a Google search or by talking with colleagues about her/his reputation. Also, ask for a very clear contract and terms of service at the beginning of your contractual relationship.

    2. Competence.

    A good interventionist will be able to reference achievements of professional competence. S/He should also exhibit cultural competence when working with specific groups…but not overstep abilities.

    NOTE HERE: You can ask for all professional qualifications before you sign a contract with an interventionist. You might ask for a resume, a CV, or for 2-3 professional references.

    3. Confidentiality.

    Keeping private information private is the hallmark of a therapeutic relationship. HIPPA Forms attempt to clarify the confidential nature of the work of addiction interventionist. However, strict confidentiality should be from the first phone call. The principle of confidentiality should govern record keeping, accounting, informal and formal conversations, treatment decisions, and the person’s progress notes. The right person will also be familiar with state laws about confidentiality and have necessary consent forms, signed, and on file. Mandated reporting, the “Duty to Warn” laws, and exceptions to confidentiality law (drug court, federally assisted treatment programs, confidentiality and minors, age of consent) vary by state.

    NOTE HERE: Ask potential interventionists to provide you with a statement describing the extent to which confidentiality of records will be maintained, including an explanation on limits of confidentiality, plus who to contact in emergency in my official documentation.

    4. Avoid brokers or unethical referral services.

    Treatment centers have been known to pay bounties to for referrals. This leads to a practice called “patient brokering.” In return for referring a patient to a drug treatment facility, the broker receives a generous compensation of $500 to $5000. Brokers will offer to share this money with patients or entice them with drugs to leave an existing facility and qualify for another because they have relapsed, leading to a revolving door syndrome.

    Additionally, federal laws such as the Anti-Kick Back Statute make is a criminal offense for anyone to give a kickback with the intent of influencing referral of patients. Some examples include trips, hotels, or gifts. Further, the Stark Law tries to prevent physician’s self-referral, or when a physician refers a patient to a facility s/he owns or family has financial interest.

    NOTE HERE: Ask an interventionist directly about monetary relationships s/he has with treatment centers. If the person works for the treatment center, this is not necessarily a bad thing. However,know whether you’ll be contracting with the center or the individual directly.

    5. Informed consent.

    You need to officially grant an interventionist permission to carry out an intervention, in full knowledge of the possible consequences, risks, and benefits. An informed content should include a description of any reasonable foreseeable risks or discomforts (consequences of early withdrawal), a description of any benefits to the subject or others, as well as disclosure of any alternative treatments, including medications.

    NOTE HERE: Ask to sign consent forms at the beginning of your relationship with an interventionist to manage your expectations and set the guidelines for the clinical help you’ll receive.

    Your Questions

     We hope to have given you a good, solid place to start looking for help.

    We also understand that you may still have questions. Please leave your questions in the comments section below. We try to respond to all questions with a personal and prompt reply.

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  • Family Addiction Intervention | Why an Invitation Is Always Best

    Family Addiction Intervention | Why an Invitation Is Always Best

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: DO NOT ambush a loved one in an intervention. It will end with resentment. Instead, consider an explicit invitation. Here is how and why.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: 10 minutes or less.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS:

    What Is a Family Intervention?

    A family addiction intervention might just be the best thing you ever spend your time and money on. But what is it? And why would you consider spending thousands of dollars on an intervention in the first place?

    An intervention is an invitation to change. The interventionist’s end goal is to get someone struggling with an alcohol or drug problem to enter treatment. As such, an intervention is a critical conversation. In some cases, this is a life or death conversation. And in the best cases, an intervention is a life-saving conversation.

    However, interventionists do not work one-on-one, as in individual counseling. Interventionists always work with groups, family systems. They do this for two reasons: first, addiction affects the entire family; second, groups provide a larger context and sphere of influence when combined. Change must take place in the context of people, places, things, thoughts, and feelings.

    A successful intervention has the potential to transform not just the identified client, but an entire family.

    I didn’t know about the efficacy of treating the entire family during an intervention until I started working with expert, Dr. Louise Stanger on the book we wrote together, “The Definitive Guide to Addiction Interventions.” But it totally makes sense: change happens on a systemic level. If we only expect one person to change, it won’t be sustainable.

    Evidence states it takes much longer than most people think to change a habit: an average of 66 days. The goal of professional interventionists is to work with the whole family system while the identified patient is in and out of primary treatment, so that all may change. Treatment gives people time to grow and change. The correct treatment or placement will also provide families with the help they need to disengage and rethink how they may love, as well.

    Why Use the Invitational Method?

    So, writing the book with Dr. Stanger also taught me about types of interventions. There are four current models of addiction intervention:

    1. The Surprise Model
    2. The Invitational Model
    3. The Systems Model
    4. The Action Model

    Of these, some elements work better than others. And the main point of advice I’d give to anyone who wants to plan an intervention is this:

    Stop ambushing people by surprising them with an addiction intervention!

    During typical interventions, members of the drug/alcohol user’s social network participate directly in the process, often secretly or without the person’s knowledge. These folks gather together and surprise the individual to ask her/him to go to treatment. The idea is that if a person is surprised they will have less time to ruminate and their defenses will be lowered. The theory is that when startled, a person ill be more likely to say, “Yes” to treatment.

    Nothing is further from the truth.

    Often, Surprise Model interventions generate great upset and distrust. As noted in the 2017 Surgeon General’s Report, “Facing Addiction in America”:

    “Confrontational approaches in general, though once the norm even in many behavioral treatment settings, have not been found effective and may backfire by heightening resistance and diminishing self-esteem on the part of the targeted individual.”

    People report feeling disrespected, ambushed, and shamed. They report feeling cornered or pressured into treatment. It’s no wonder that many of them drop out of treatment. In fact, dropout rates seem to increase as relapses occurred. Many identified loved ones who were subject to the Surprise Model of Intervention reported this type of rebellious thinking:

    “At first, I stopped my drug and alcohol use because of the pressure from the Intervention, but then I found myself thinking ‘I’m not going to be told what to do!’ so I started using again.”

    Just imagine, you’re struggling with a substance abuse or mental health disorder and a pack of people descends upon you. Well, we know that substance abuse and mental health disorders are beset with shame and feeling awful. If families choose set up an ambush or an adversarial relationship to begin, you’ve got to work through the resentment first.

    How Invitational Interventions Work

    I agree with Dr. Stanger, in that the best way to frame an intervention is by using The Invitational Model. In this model, you invite your loved one to a family meeting and rely on willing participation of all involved. According to founding practitioners, this style of intervention does not require threats or consequences; they state that less than 2% of families even talk about consequences. So, there are often no letters involved. No bargaining. No ambush.

    Instead, emphasis is on family education, developing strategy, and communication. The desired outcome is not only on treatment engagement of one person. The desired outcome also includes long-term, intergenerational family well-being and recovery.

    During an Invitational Intervention, the family has a Chairperson who helps organize members and works directly with the interventionist. The interventionist or clinician guides the family strategy and facilitates from between 2-5 face-to-face sessions. S/He completes a family genogram, conducts interviews with family member, coaches family members on crafting recovery messages, and directs conversations toward change. Some interventionists focus on a specific “Change Plan” customized to the ILO’s needs for treatment. Finally, the group invites the ILO to change. If there is no movement by the last meeting, the group sets limits and consequences in a loving, supportive way.

    To read a complete description of all intervention models, please order my book here.

    How to Do an Intervention

    The best way to do an intervention is with the help of a professional interventionist. The Intervention itself is a well-orchestrated event, a drama that is created and stylized. There are many skills that go into the intervention: counseling, social work, and psychotherapy are at the heart. Still, the main goal of the intervention is this:

    Interventions help move the identified loved one to change and to accept treatment.

    It is important to note that some interventionists stop there. Some interventionists are only interested in moving or getting someone to treatment. However, when interventionists drop you at this point, it can result in many negative outcomes:

    •  Complications
    •  Financial problems
    •  Increased complexity
    •  Legal problems
    •  Relapse
    •  Treatment drop-out

    Indeed, what happens after the intervention is equally important. A good interventionist will help you navigate through treatment, support group attendance (12-Step work, ALANON, ACA, Open A.A. Meetings, or SMART Recovery are most often used), and possibly dealing with refusal for treatment. You’ll need to continue to learn how to take care of yourselves as you deal with substance abuse, process disorders, physical issues, and mental health issues in the system.

    Families also need to learn to set healthy boundaries, for themselves and their loved ones. Family members may be referred out for care to family counselors, individual therapists, recovery coaches, or other behavioral/mental health care providers.

    The key point is this: follow up is crucial to the success of developing healthy family systems.

    So, select an interventionist who can use a systemic approach that includes case management and active coaching over time. From experience, it can take many months for a family to become “collective” and to operate in harmony again.

    Intervention Services Near Me

    There are a few ways you can identify the best person for your family.

    1. Search professional associations.

    The Network of Independent Interventionists (NII) and the Association of Intervention Specialists (AIS). list members’ credentials, licenses, and certifications for professional addiction interventionists. You can search member listings here:

    2. Seek a reference from a mental health professional.

    The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) exists as the nation’s premier advocacy group for addiction treatment. This NGO recommends that you seek help from the following professionals for intervention services:

    •  An alcohol and addictions counselor
    •  An addiction treatment center
    •  Psychiatrist
    •  Psychologist
    •  Social Worker

    Some of these professionals may have experience in interventions themselves. Other times, a mental health professional can refer you to a colleague or someone with a good reputation in the field.

    3. Call us for help.

    The telephone number listed on this page will connect you to a helpline answered by American Addiction Centers (AAC). The helpline is offered at no cost and with no obligation to enter treatment. Caring admissions consultants are standing by to discuss your treatment options, which can include family intervention specialists. So, if you are ready to get help for you or a family member, reach out and pick up the phone.

    Your Questions

    Still have questions about how to hold a successful family intervention for addiction?

    Please reach out.

    You can leave your questions in the comments section at the end of this page. Or, you can call us on the phone number listed above. Whatever you do…do something. Nothing changes until something changes.

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  • Alcohol Withdrawal and Detox

    Alcohol Withdrawal and Detox

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Alcohol withdrawal can be severe and very uncomfortable. Some symptoms, such as delirium tremens, can be dangerous or fatal. How do medical professionals treat withdrawal? We review here.

    TABLE OF CONTENT:

    Always seek medical help when you are alcohol dependent and want to quit drinking.

    Medical Detox, or Not?

    To begin, you may be wondering, “Do I need a detox clinic, or can I handle withdrawal on my own?”

    If you have become physically dependent on alcohol, you should always seek medical help when you’re ready to stop drinking.

    When it comes to treating alcohol dependence, you must be monitored 24-7. This is because severe symptoms can be triggered unpredictably, usually even a few days after your last drink. For example, seizures occur in about 25% of all withdrawal cases.  If symptoms are left untreated, you risk serious health complications or even death.

    Keep reading to learn more about common medical protocols during detox. Then, we invite your questions at the end. If you have any questions feel free to post them in the comment section below the text.

    Detox Protocols

    Detox protocols for alcohol withdrawal are often administered in inpatient rehab settings to patients under 24/7 medical supervision. Each stage builds upon the previous one. Main stages of detox and protocols include:

    1. Alcohol dependence assessment.

    Before you start detox, you will need to fill-out paper work to include insurance or payment information, personal and family history, and your complete medical history. You’ll also go through a full assessment, often an interview, or two. You can plan on blood and urine testing as wll. Moreover, the medical staff will complete physical and psychological evaluations. This stage is helpful to clinicians to plan the course of treatment and to have a baseline of data in the case that treatment requires adjustment.

    2. Supportive care.

    Clincial guides to alcohol withdrawal state that non-pharmacologic interventions are the first-line approach and, sometimes, the only approach required. A quiet room without dark shadows, bright lights, noises, and other excessive stimuli is recommended. Main supportive care for this time usually includes:

    • Frequent reassurance
    • Nursing care
    • Orientation to reality

    Also, detox clinics should provide routine examination of alcohol concentration in your system, complete blood count, renal function tests, electrolytes, glucose, liver enzymes, urinalysis and urine toxicology screening. General supportive care in a detox setting should aim to address fluid depletion, hypoglycemia and electrolytes disturbances. In these cases, treatments include hydration and vitamin supplementation. In particular, thiamine supplementation and B-complex vitamins (including folates) are essential for the prevention of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.

    3. Medications.

    Alcohol withdrawal can be hard to handle. During this stage, you will be under medical care. The acute detox period can last up to a week or longer.

    Alcohol dependence is usually treated with help of medications. The most commonly used are benzodiazepines. In fact, benzos represent the gold standard treatment for detox for their high rate of efficacy and proven ability to prevent the complicated forms of seizures or delerium tremens. Other medications used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal include:

    • Acamprosate
    • Alpha2-agonists, beta-blockers and neuroleptics
    • Baclofen
    • Barbiturates and propofol
    • Carbamazepine
    • Gabapentin
    • Naltrexone
    • Sodium oxybate
    • Topirimate
    • Valproate

    Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

    Alcohol withdrawal is a set of symptoms that occur when an individual who is alcohol dependent cuts down own their drinking or stops drinking for good. It occurs because your brain and body have adopted to the presence of alcohol as normal. So, when you cut down or stop drinking, your body requires time to readjust.  It takes time for the brain’s chemistry to even out again.

    But, keep in time that withdrawal may be dangerous. The best and safest way to treat it is via constant medical care.

    Some of the most common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include:

    • Agitation.
    • Anxiety.
    • Depression.
    • Difficulty concentrating.
    • Disorientation.
    • Fatigue.
    • Headache.
    • Heightened.
    • Irritability.
    • Jumpiness or shakiness.
    • Mood swings.
    • Nausea.
    • Nightmares.
    • Sweating.
    • Tremors.
    • Vomiting.

    Delirium Tremens

    Delirium tremens (DT) is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal. According to this synopsis on delirium trements only a few, 3% to 5%, experience this form of withdrawal. Symptoms of DT usually happen as early as 48 to 96 hours after the last drink, and can last up to 5 days.

    Some of the symptoms include:

    • Autonomic hyperactivity
    • Agitation
    • Confusion
    • Increased heart rate
    • Instability
    • Hallucinations

    Delirium tremens was first recognized as disorder of excessive alcohol use in 1813, and it has an anticipated mortality of up to 37% without appropriate treatment.

    Delirium tremens could be fatal, so it is important to treat alcohol withdrawal under medical supervision.

    Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms

    Generally speaking, symptoms of alcohol withdrawal resolve within 5-14 days, but some of the symptoms may persist for weeks and months after the last use. This condition is know as post-acute or protracted withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). According to this SAMHSA’s advisory pamphlet protracted withdrawal is the presence of withdrawal symptoms beyond the general time period.

    Some protracted symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include:

    • Anxiety.
    • Depression.
    • Increased blood pressure and pulse.
    • Increased body temperature.
    • Increased breathing rate.
    • Reduced sexual interest
    • Sleep disruption.
    • Tremors.

    Duration of Withdrawal

    Usually, it takes about 5 to 14 days for symptoms of alcohol dependence to resolve. Still, the length of alcohol withdrawal is different for each individua. Final duration of time you’ll spend in detox depends upon several personal factors such as your:

    • Age.
    • Gender.
    • General health.
    • Level of dependence.
    • Amount of alcohol you were drinking.
    • Period of time you were drinking.

    Alcohol withdrawal is the worst in the first days after the last drink.

    The first symptoms of withdrawal usually start 6-14 hours after the last drink. In fact, the onset of detox appears once a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level starts to decrease. Tremors or muscle shaking are known to be the first signs of withdrawal. Physical symptoms tend to subside sooner than psychological symptoms. These symptoms – often related to mood, sleep, or craving – may last for months or years after the last drink.

    However, withdrawal can be hard, severe, and in extreme cases fatal. So, don’t risk your life.

    Always seek medical help.

    Alcohol Withdrawal Timeline

    Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be divided into three stages based on the severity of symptoms and time of their appearance. Below is a list of the most common symptoms with a timetable of their occurrence.

    Stage 1 (6 to 72 hours after the last drink)

    This is the period when the alcohol leaves the system. These initial withdrawal symptoms tend to be mild, and can last a few days or longer. The symptoms include:

    • Abdominal pain
    • Anxiety
    • Insomnia
    • Fever
    • Nausea
    • Restlessness
    • Tremors

    Stage 2 (2-5 days after the last drink)

    In this stage, you can expect more severe symptoms to appear such as:

    • Agitation
    • Autonomic instability
    • Confusion
    • Disorientation
    • Delirium tremens
    • Gross tremor
    • Hallucinations
    • Paranoia

    Stage 3 (5 to 14 days after the last drink)

    During this stage, the physical symptoms should resolve while the psychological may remain for longer period if not treated. Expect some of these symptoms to appear:

    • Brain fog
    • Depression
    • Mood swings
    • Nightmares
    • Nervousness
    • Shakiness

    Individuals who drink excessively for longer periods of time usually experience more intense symptoms than those who are only recently alcohol-dependent. You can find a detailed alcohol withdrawal timeline in our infographic here. This graph depicts the course of time during which alcohol withdrawal symptoms manifest, peak, and fade:

    Medications Used in Detox

    Alcohol withdrawal can be hard to deal with it. So, pharmacotherapy is often required. The most common medications used in alcohol detoxification process include:

    Acamprosate. This medicine addresses protracted withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, dysphoria, insomnia, and restlessness.

    Barbiturates: These medications were widely used to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms, but today, the therapy with barbiturates is replaced with benzodiazepines.

    Benzodiazepines. Treating alcohol with benzodiazepines is one of the most common therapies for addressing withdrawal. It is th “gold standard”. In general, the treatment includes 3 days of long-acting benzodiazepine use on a fixed schedule. The most comonly used benzos include:

    • Ativan (lorazepam)
    • Librium (chlordiazepoxide)
    • Valium (diazepam)

    Naltrexone. This medication blocks the rewarding receptors in the brain by diminishing the pleasurable effects of alcohol.

    Treatment for Alcohol Addiction

    Drinking too much may cause serious problems to health, home, and social life. Admitting that you have a problem is the first step of your recovery. But, enrolling into rehab can help you restart your life. There are two main types of treatment programs for alcohol addiction: inpatient and outpatient.

    1. Inpatient treatment.

    This treatment requires living at a rehab facility for a certain period of time, and it is usually recommended for people who are diagnosed with moderate to severe levels of alcoholism. Inpatient treatment is also suitable for people who do not have a home support network. During treatment, you can expect 24/7 medical supervision, educational sessions, and talk therapy. Moreover, the daily regimen includes regular meal times, sleeping hours, and exercise. Finally, community support is fits in the whole process. Inpatient program can last 30, 60, or 90 days. In some cases, it can last up to a year or more.

    2. Outpatient treatment.

    This treatment offers the same services, except that patients don’t sleep at the facility. They come and go to the center for a few hours a day, several days weekly. During the time there, you will meet with an addiction counselor for individual therapy. Also, you will have group therapy and education sessions. This treatment is more flexible because you can stick with a normal routine. Outpatient programs can be adjusted in length and may be extended for a period of a few months or a year.

    Is treatment for alcohol use disorder helpful?

    The answer is yes, always yes!

    According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism most people with drinking problems can benefit from some form of treatment. About one-third of people who receive any treatment have no further symptoms one year later, while others substantially reduce their drinking.

    Moreover, alcohol treatment programs that are structured on evidence-based approaches are effective.

    So, don’t waste your time, admit that you have a drinking problem, and reach out for help! For more information, we recommend that you check out any of the following organizations:

    American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry
    401–524–3076
    American Society of Addiction Medicine
    301–656–3920 (ask for the phone number of your State’s chapter)
    NAADAC Substance Abuse Professionals
    1–800–548–0497
    National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
    301–443–3860
    Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator
    1–800–662–HELP

    OR, CALL OUR HELPLINE.

     

    1 in 18 people aged 12+ had alcohol use disorder in 2016.

     

    Reference sources: NIAAA: Complications of Alcohol Withdrawal
    NIAAA: Introduction to Alcohol Withdrawal
    Medline Plus: Alcohol withdrawal

    View the original article at

  • Help for Opiate Withdrawal

    Help for Opiate Withdrawal

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Opiate drugs are some of the most addictive out there and, likewise, some of the hardest to quit. Yet, with the right kind of help, it’s entirely possible. This article reviews how withdrawal is hard and the reason behind it, describes symptoms occurring along the basic timeline, and informs on directions for help.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: Less than 5 minutes.

    Table of Contents:

    Is Opiate Withdrawal Hard?

    The short answer is, yes. Opiates are some of the most addictive drugs available. Therefore, they’re also some of the hardest to quit.

    But why is opiate withdrawal so hard?

    The main reason opiate withdrawal is so hard is because of the severely uncomfortable symptoms, such as restlessness, anxiety, headache, sweating…. If you’ve ever had a period of time without “your fix”, then you’ve most likely already experienced the initial stages of withdrawal. So, the answer has to do with the way the brain adapts to opiates over time.

    Opiates and the Brain

    Natural opiates come from the dried “milk” of the poppy plant and include opium, morphine, heroin, Demerol, and codeine. These drugs trigger a strong high, euphoria, or sense of well-being. However, over time, the high becomes habit forming. Even within a few weeks, the brain and body start to interpret the chemical presence of the opiates as normal, leading to drug dependence and tolerance.

    What happens in the brain, exactly?

    When you take an opiate, the chemical enters the brain and attaches to a variety of opioid receptors. Particularly, those involved with pain and pleasure, such as the reward system. These receptors are located in different areas of the brain. From these opioid receptors, the opioid triggers neurotransmitters throughout other areas of the brain and body.

    This transmission leads to euphoria. It also leads to pain relief. Due to an opiate’s chemical effects of the body, users may also feel the following:

    • Dry mouth
    • Flushing of the skin
    • Heaviness
    • Itching
    • Nausea/Vomiting

    When you stop taking an opiate – even just for a short period of time – withdrawal symptoms occur primarily due to your physical dependence. Once you’re drug dependent, the body and brain adapt to the drug as “normal”. The brain counterbalances the depressant effects of opiates by triggering stimulant chemicals and functions. But take away the drug, and your brain and body are left with the unnatural stimulant effects until they balance out again in detox. This usually takes between 7 to 10 days.

    Is Opiate Withdrawal Dangerous?

    Not necessarily. Rarely does opiate withdrawal have fatal implications, though it can be extremely uncomfortable. As you’re going to face cravings, dehydration, and mood swings it’s vital you seek medical supervision in order to assure your recovery.

    Can you undertake detox and withdrawal from an opiate drug on your own?

    You might assume so, but the problem with this assumption is that probably you’re NOT a medical professional. Treatment facilities have a way of treating withdrawal to:

    1. Ease withdrawal symptoms.
    2. Offer a medically supervised and controlled environment.
    3. Give you an opportunity to process your thoughts and understand emotions.

    Attempting to quit on your own terms IS dangerous because you have no idea how your body and brain react. And when symptoms become overwhelming, you won’t know what to do. Furthermore, without a supportive environment, relapse becomes more likely. Studies show that between 40% and 60% of people addicted to opioid drugs end up relapsing.

    The safest way to withdraw from opiates is at a medical detox. Give yourself the gift of successful recovery and seek treatment.

    A List of Withdrawal Symptoms

    Opiate substances cause physical dependence, meaning that the body adapts to the drugs as a way to survive. The body perceives opiate chemicals as “normal” after frequent use of the drug of three weeks or more. This means you are physically dependent on using it in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms.

    So, once you decide you want to quit, you need to prepare. Your body and brain will need time to readjust back to its native, original chemical balance, a state known as homeostasis. This time of adjustment is called withdrawal; withdrawal manifests as a specific set of symptoms.

    Have you ever gone a day or two without getting your fix?

    Have you noticed your body beginning to feel highly uncomfortable?

    These were the early stages of withdrawal. These symptoms include:

    • Agitation
    • Anxiety
    • Increased tearing
    • Insomnia
    • Muscle aches
    • Runny nose
    • Sweating
    • Yawning

    As opiate withdrawal progresses, the above symptoms become more intense and the following symptoms kick in:

    • Abdominal cramping
    • Diarrhea
    • Dilated pupils
    • Goosebumps
    • Nausea
    • Vomiting

    Symptoms usually begin about 12 hours after your last exposure to an opiate drug.

    DURATION

    How long does opiate withdrawal last?

    Detox generally lasts around 7 days and begins between 6 to 12 hours after your last dose. For the following 1 to 3 days, your withdrawal symptoms will peak. Then, over the course of 5 to 7 days, symptoms will gradually die down.

    Still, there is no clear answer. The amount of time an opiate detox takes depends on:

    • Your age.
    • Your personal metabolism.
    • Usage amount.
    • Length of use.

    For example, older individuals who’ve been using for a longer period of time are much more likely to experience more intense and longer withdrawals than those who’ve been using only a few weeks at smaller doses.

    There are two different types of withdrawals that will persist during detox:

    1. Acute Withdrawal – Begins with feelings of anxiety and cravings, climaxes around 36 to 72 hours, and decreases heavily within the following 5 days.

    2. Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms (PAWS) – Will follow acute withdrawals and can last up to months.

    The Basic Timeline

    Here is a more detailed timeline of what to expect day by day during withdrawal.

    Day 1 to 2 – Usually the most difficult to get through, as the harshest withdrawal symptoms manifest during this time. You can expect to feel light symptoms of discomfort around 12 hours after your last use. The most notable symptoms you’ll experience are muscle aches and pains.

    You will also have some combination of dilated pupils, sweats, chills, nasal stuffiness, watery eyes, irritability and possibly stomach cramps and diarrhea. Depending on how much your body depends on opiate drugs, you may experience extreme muscle pain during this time. Along with this, you’re also likely to feel the following symptoms:

    • Anxiety or panic attacks
    • Chills
    • Diarrhea
    • Loss of appetite
    • Trouble sleeping

    Day 3 to 4 – You can expect the worst of your discomfort to pass during this time, but it’s not entirely over. As the medical professionals supervising you will remind you, it’s important to stay hydrated. The most uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms to be expected are those you experience in the first days, plus:

    • Abdominal cramps
    • Increased blood pressure
    • Increased heart and breathing rates
    • Nausea
    • Shivers
    • Sweating
    • Vomiting

    Day 6 and Beyond. During this time, the withdrawal symptoms usually ease down. The body is getting back into homeostasis. There are some factors of withdrawal which may persist, such as trouble sleeping and/or eating as well as nausea and anxiety. However, for the most part, the body has finished detoxing and the mind is ready to undergo psychotherapies – a treatment which sets out to reduce cravings and change an individual’s conduct based around their prior drug use.

    Since psychotherapies play a role in the withdrawal timeline, there’s no accurate way to tell how long you’ll have to undergo treatment. Generally speaking, most people who want to address an problems with opiate drugs do well with medical supervision for the following 3 to 6 months. Medication assisted treatment and talk therapy are key to a full recovery. However, some people remain in some form of a treatment program for months to years as they find a support system keeping them from relapse.

    Medicines that Help

    Medication is often given to address intensely uncomfortable symptoms as they occur. Every individual is treated according to their own need. Generally, you may be offered some of the following medications from a prescribing doctor:
    • Buprenorphine – A partial opioid agonist, which binds itself to opioid receptors, just not to the extent of a full opioid agonist. In turn, this reduces withdrawal symptoms and cravings, giving individuals a better chance to prevent relapse.
    • Loxifidine – Approved by the Federal Drug Administration’s (FDA), loxifidine has been known to greatly reduce withdrawal symptoms. Though it can’t treat drug addiction in and of itself, it’s one of the most popular medications when treating opiate addiction.
    • Methadone – Since the 1960’s, methadone has had great success in reducing withdrawal symptoms and, in some cases, even delaying them. Methadone attaches itself to opioid receptors, similarly to other opiate drugs. This effectively makes the user craves less and gives them a better chance to prevent relapse. It should be noted, most people are only on methadone for a short period, as it can be an addictive medication if misused.
    • Naltrexone – A blocking action against opioids which isn’t addictive nor sedative. Taking this blocker medication is an option once you’ve gone through withdrawal and begin psychotherapy. It will make it impossible for you to fell euphoric if you do take opioids.

    In order to better understand which medication(s) is right for you, you’ll want to consult your doctor.

    Experts find that medication in combo with psychotherapy are the most beneficial form of treatment. The idea is that you stabilize your physical state and then address your mental state. Reducing compulsive urges helps you focus on deeper aspects of healing.

    Natural Remedies that Help

    Assessment is crucial during withdrawal. You use opiates for one of many reasons including chronic pain, anxiety, misdiagnosed depression, trauma and much more. That means that once the opiates are removed, you have to look at your medical and mental issues and assess the best plan for the underlying condition. So, the best natural remedy we can think of is talk therapy.

    However, you’ll want to address specific symptoms.

    Since many withdrawal symptoms are similar to the flu, there are natural remedies out there to ease discomfort. For example, traditional herbal preparations of China and India have anti-addiction effects with less adverse effects than alpha2-adrenergic or opioid agonists. If we take a look at individual symptoms, we can figure out how to treat them.

    Chills. A flu-like symptoms many people experience during detox are chills or cold-sweats. Constant shivering is usually a major factor of this. In order to warm yourself up, it’s suggested you wear extra layers such as sweatshirts or cardigans. Hot pads and warm, long showers or baths can also help. Kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth) is recognized increasingly as a remedy for opioid withdrawal by individuals who self-treat chronic pain.

    Nausea. Since symptoms of nausea have much to do with the food and liquids you intake, you can eat and drink certain things as a means of reducing the discomfort. These include, but aren’t limited to:

    • Bland foods, such as bananas, rice, or toast.
    • Eating several small portions of food throughout the day rather than a few large meals.
    • Avoiding foods that are high in fat and grease.
    • Taking small sips of water often. Dehydration is a huge concern when it comes to withdrawal and it’s vital you intake lots of water. Instead of drinking a large amount all at once, it’s suggested – for nausea’s sake – you take a little at a time.

    Shaking. In a study done by Pharmaceutical Biology, rats were tested on to see if the herb Hypericum perforatum (or St. John’s wort) could reduce the shaking involved in opiate withdrawal. Not only did the shaking cease but researchers also found the rats’ diarrhea to reduce. Another way people reduce shaking is by quitting caffeine when they quit opiates. Caffeinated drinks are known to aggravate shaking and trembling tendencies.

    Trouble Sleeping. Though it’ll be difficult to hop right back into a healthy sleep schedule, you want your body to have a clock of its own. This means you’ll want to develop a schedule for when you fall asleep and when you wake up. So, lying in bed at the same time every night helps. Furthermore, you might want to consider where you’re sleeping. Many people enter an inpatient program, where sleep environment cannot be controlled. Still, if you sleep better in a cooler or warmer temperature, this is something you can ask for.

    Where to Go for Help

    In order to find help, you must fully admit you want it. By admitting you’re defeated, you’re allowing something new to happen. Then, you can seek medical help.

    But where to look?

    You’ll also want talk to your family and friends. The reason for this is throughout your journey to recovery, they’re going to be your support system. The people you can always turn back to when things get too difficult. Furthermore, they can help guide you along the rest of the recovery process. If you’re a family member or friend of someone who’s addicted to crack there are a variety of options for you to seek help for your loved one.

    And when you want to find the right treatment facility, give us a call. We’re happy to help.

    Your Questions

    If you have any further questions about opiate withdrawal, we invite you to ask them below. If you have any advice to give for people going through withdrawal, we’d also love to hear from you. We try to provide a personal response to each comment and get back with you promptly.
    Reference Sources:
    NIDA: Understanding Drug Use and Addiction
    NIDA: Heroin
    NIDA: HEROIN: What Effects Does Heroin Have on the Body
    NIDA: What are the Long-Term-Effects of Heroin Use?
    NCBI: Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings
    NIDA: Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction
    Medline Plus: Substance Use Disorder
    Addiction Blog: What is rapid opiate detox? Does it work and is it safe?
    U.S. Pharmacist: Acute Opioid Withdrawal: Identification and Treatment Strategies
    SAMHSA: Protracted Withdrawal
    NCBI: Opioid Dependence Treatment: Options in Pharmacotherapy
    NIDA: Effective Treatments for Opioid Addiction
    Medical News Today: Can You Treat Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms at Home?
    Taylor Francis Online: Journal – Pharmaceutical Biology: Nature Cures Nature: Hypericum perforatum Attenuates Physical Withdrawal Signs In Opium Dependent Rats
    Centers for Medicare & Medicals Services: Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities
    Addiction Science and Clinical Practice: The Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence: Implications for Treatment
    Medicine Plus: Opiate and Opioid Withdrawal

    View the original article at

  • Detox From Spice

    Detox From Spice

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: The actual effects can be unpredictable and, in some cases, severe or cause death. We review more about Spice and how to detox from synthetic cannibinoids, including medical protocols and where to find help.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: 10 minutes

    TABLE OF CONTENTS:

    What Is Spice?

    Spice is just one name of the many trade names or brands for synthetic designer drugs that are intended to mimic THC, the main active ingredient of marijuana. It’s typically a mix of herbs (shredded plant material) and manmade chemicals with mind-altering effects. These chemicals are called cannabinoids because they are similar to chemicals found in the marijuana plant. Because of this similarity, synthetic cannabinoids are sometimes misleadingly called “synthetic marijuana” or “fake weed”.

    Synthetic cannibinoids found in Spice are illegal. These substances have no accepted medical use in the United States and have been reported to produce adverse health effects. Currently, 26 substances are specifically listed as Schedule I substances under the Controlled Substances Act either through legislation or regulatory action.

    In fact, Spice is not safe and may affect the brain much more powerfully than marijuana; the actual effects can be unpredictable and, in some cases, more dangerous or even life-threatening. Still, Spice is most often labeled “Not for Human Consumption” and disguised as incense. Sellers of the drug try to lead people to believe they are “natural” and therefore harmless, but they are neither.

    How Spice is Made

    Synthetic cannabinoids are part of a group of drugs called “new psychoactive substances”. They are unregulated mind-altering substances that have become newly available on the market and are intended to produce the same effects as illegal drugs. Some of these substances may have been around for years but have reentered the market in altered chemical forms, or due to renewed popularity.

    Synthetic cannabinoids are human-made mind-altering chemicals that are either sprayed on dried, shredded plant material so they can be smoked. They are made in labs all over the world, and are constantly evolving. Synthetic cannabinoids were initially developed for research purposes. As such, the methods for synthesizing the compounds are published in scientific literature. Today, these formulas are used by clandestine chemists to produce compounds for commercial synthetic cannabinoids products.

    Once synthesized, synthetic cannabinoids are dissolved in ethanol or acetone and sprayed on plant material, which is then sold in packets as incense, herbal blends, or potpourri, and usually labeled with a disclaimer indicating that the contents are not for human consumption.

    Additionally, there are many chemicals that remain unidentified in products sold as Spice and it is therefore not clear how they may affect the user. Moreover, these chemicals are often being changed as the makers of Spice alter them to avoid the products being illegal.

    What Happens To Your Brain?

    Spice has only been around a few years, and research is only just beginning to measure how it affects the brain. So far, there have been few scientific studies of the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the human brain, but researchers do know that some of them bind more strongly than marijuana to the cell receptors affected by THC, and can produce much stronger effects. The resulting health effects can be unpredictable and dangerous.

    Because the chemical composition of many synthetic cannabinoid products is unknown and may change from batch to batch, these products are likely to contain substances that cause dramatically different effects than the user might expect.

    The mental health consequences can be even more severe. There are reports of extreme depression with suicidal thoughts that can endanger the safety of the person abusing synthetic cannabinoids. In other recent cases, some users overdoses resemble opioid overdoses, including lethargy and suppression of breathing; in other cases they have exhibited agitated and violent behavior.

    What Happens To Your Body?

    We still do not know all the ways Spice may affect a person’s health or how toxic it may be, but it is possible that there may be harmful heavy metal residues in Spice mixtures. If you or someone you love experience these symptoms, seek for help right away, before is too late.

    As use increases in frequency and duration, there are greater risks of ill effects of synthetic marijuana abuse including:

    • Death.
    • Heart attacks.
    • Injuries due to erratic or violent behaviors.
    • Kidney damage.
    • Onset or exacerbation of mental health disorders.
    • Respiratory issues similar to those seen in tobacco smokers.
    • Seizures.

    Dependence

    Your body adjusts to Spice over time. In fact, you can become physically dependent on it. Detox is similar to symptoms experienced during cannabis withdrawal, including lack of appetite, irritability, and sleep disruptions.

    People who have used synthetic cannabinoids for long periods and abruptly stop have reported withdrawal-like symptoms, suggesting that the substances are addictive. Commonly reported symptoms from some heavy users of synthetic cannabinoids include:

    • Headache
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Severe anxiety
    • Sweating
    • Trouble sleeping

    Some people who suddenly stop using synthetic cannabinoids after frequent use have reported severe symptoms such as:

    • Chest pain
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Palpitations
    • Rapid heart rate
    • Seizures

    The severity of these withdrawal-like symptoms may be related to how much and how long someone has used synthetic cannabinoids. Spice withdrawal symptoms can be quite unpleasant and for some, even dangerous. If you stop using Spice, you may experience following symptoms:

    • Cravings.
    • Depression.
    • Diarrea.
    • Extreme sweating.
    • Insomnia.
    • Nausea.
    • Paranoia.
    • Psychosis.
    • Seizures.
    • Suicidal thoughts.
    • Vomiting.

    Detox Duration

    Withdrawal has been reported to occur shortly after smoking, with one person reporting that she would wake up every 45 min throughout the night to smoke in order to alleviate withdrawal symptoms.

    Still, the amount of time it takes to detox from Spice varies from person to person. In fact, the time between synthetic cannabinoid use, symptom onset, and the time to recovery depends on several factors, such as the specific synthetic cannabinoid(s) used, the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion), and the amount consumed.

    Withdrawal symptoms may not begin for 1-3 days after last use when smoking reali marijuana, while synthetic marijuana withdrawal symptoms may begin just 15 minutes after last use.

    Timeline

    With many types of substances available and limited research in this area, exact duration and course of synthetic marijuana detoxes are currently unknown.

    Dangers

    Death is a rare but serious risk associated with the use of Spice. Since the chemicals found in the synthetic cannabinoid vary from one package to another, and the potency can differ even within a package, the effects are unpredictable, turning it into a dangerous Pandora’s Box.

    Can You Do It Yourself?

    No. We don´t recommend trying to detox from Spice on your own, it´s not safe. Detox, done in a safe and controlled way, is a great way to manage withdrawal, transition into addiction treatment, and achieve long-term abstinence.

    Where To Detox?

    Detox clinics share the same goal of helping you end physical dependence in a safe way. However, programs will differ in their range of services, intensity of services, and treatment setting.

    Broader substance abuse rehabilitation occurs in either an inpatient or outpatient care setting; your decision to begin treatment at one or the other may depend on how severe your use is.

    Inpatient/residential treatment require that the person lives at the center during treatment. These are more intense services and provide 24-hour staffing and care. Some inpatient/ residential options last just a few weeks while others are a year in length.

    Outpatient treatment is reserved for people with lower needs. These programs allow you to live at home, continue working, and care for other responsibilities while attending treatment during the day. Outpatient treatment varies with some programs involving 30 hours per week (partial hospitalization programs), 9 hours per week (intensive outpatient programs), and 1-2 hours per week (standard outpatient).

    Medications That Can Help

    The FDA still does not approve any medication to treat dependence on synthetic cannibinoids. The medications that can help are only to treat the effects and symptoms of abstinence that Spice abuse leads to. Some possible treatments follow:
    • Symptom management for acute intoxication is frequently treated with supportive care and intravenous fluids to treat electrolyte and fluid disturbances.
    • Although not always effective, antiemetics have been administered for vomiting during Spice detox.
    • Chest pain has been reported in adolescents abusing Spice. Treatment options have included aspirin, nitroglycerin and benzodiazepines.
    • Naltrexone has been prescribed to one person and appeared to reduce Spice cravings associated with detoxification.
    • People who present with profuse sweating, tremors, palpitations, insomnia, headache, depression, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; associated with intoxication or withdrawal are generally administered benzodiazepines as a first-line treatment. Quetiapine was effective in treating withdrawal symptoms in persons who failed to respond to benzodiazepines
    • Neuroleptics are also administered for acute psychosis and agitation and mania with psychotic symptoms.

    Some persons are polysubstance users and have co-occurring psychiatric disorders. As such, symptoms that appear to be related to Spice withdrawal may in fact be due to underlying issues exacerbated by synthetic cannabinoid use and not necessarily a direct reflection of Spice withdrawal.

    Facts & Statistics About Spice

    FACT #1: Spice is a 21st Century Drug. It became available in the US around 2004 via internet and many “head shops.” Synthetic cannabinoids are the second-most widely used illicit drug in high school seniors in the United States. [1]

    FACT #2: Teens are using it. In a 2012 national survey of 8th, 10th and 12th grade students, 4.4% of the 8th graders, 8.8% of the 10th graders and 11.3% of the 12th graders admitted using synthetic marijuana. The rise in use of Spice among younger persons is particularly alarming. [1]

    A nationally representative sample of nearly 12000 high school seniors revealed 10% of students reported using synthetic cannabinoids in the previous 12 months, and 3.2% reported “frequent use” (at least 6 times). Females were significantly less likely than males to use Spice in this study. [1]

    The odds of using Spice was significantly increased if the teenagers endorsed a history of using alcohol, cannabis, or cigarettes and was directly related to the number of evenings per week the teenagers went out “for fun”. [1]

    In a study of college students, eight to 14% of participants in the study reported the use of synthetic cannabinoids, starting at an average age of 18 years. The attractiveness of these synthetic cannabinoids for young people include the lack of readily available methods of detection, the perception that these drugs are legal or “harmless,” and availability in shops that sell paraphernalia for marijuana and tobacco users (head shops), in gas stations or convenience stores, or sometimes over the internet. Studies have demonstrated that the motivation for use of these products were not only to “get high” but also to avoid detection. [1]

    FACT #3: Spice is causing extremely serious side effects. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), there were 13 calls to poison centers in 2009 regarding exposure to synthetic cannabinoids, but in 2010 there were 2,915 documented calls. As of May 31, 2011, there were already 2,476 calls to poison centers regarding synthetic cannabinoid exposure. The widespread availability of the drug is one of the most concerning aspects in this new drug of abuse. In 2011, Spice was mentioned by persons in the emergency room 28,531 times. This is a dramatic increase over the 11,406 mentions in 2010.

    FACT #4: Distributors mask the dangers of Spice through lies in labeling. Spice distributors often market Spice as natural herbs or harmless incense using colorful, attractive packaging and the allure of a safe experience. Spice also attracts teens because it is not easily detectable in urine and blood samples. This encourages both traditional marijuana users as well as those with no prior experience with illegal substances.

    Do You Have Questions?

    Do you have questions about Spice detox? Would you like to know more? Please ask any questions you may have here in the comments section and we will get back to you personally and promptly.
    Reference Sources:
    [1] Synthetic cannabinoids 2015: An update for pediatricians in clinical practice
    Additional Reference Sources:
    CDC: Synthetic cannabinoids: An overview for healthcare providers
    DEA: K2-Spice
    DEA: Spice-K2 fact sheet
    NCBI: Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: Management of acute toxicity and withdrawal
    NIDA: Synthetic cannabinoids
    NIDA FOR TEENS: Spice
    TOXNET: Cannabicyclohexanol

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  • Help for Ambien Withdrawal

    Help for Ambien Withdrawal

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Ambien is pretty addictive. Users can develop a dependence within just a couple of weeks of daily dosing. Withdrawal can be difficult. This article outlines what to expect during withdrawal and ways to treat symptoms medically.

    ESTIMATED READ TIME: Less than 10 minutes.

    Table of Contents:

    Ambien and the Brain

    Zolpidem is the main active ingredient in Ambien. Its chemical structure is very similar to the benzodiazepine class of drugs, but zolpidem is officially called a “hypnotic”. Benzodiazepines are prescribed for a variety of reasons and attach to neurons within our brain responsible for sensations, emotions, muscle movements, and cognition.

    Though Zolpidem and benzodiazepines are different in a few ways, Zolpidem has the ability to attach itself to the very same neurons responsible for sedation. 

    Because of this, zolpidem causes its user to become sedated without experiencing the other qualities of benzodiazepines. However, after regular or daily use, you can become physically dependent on zolpidem. This makes quitting Ambien both hard and potentially dangerous.

    Is Ambien Withdrawal Hard?

    Yes, quitting Ambien isn’t going to be easy.

    To begin, you need to take the following facts about yourself into account:

    •  Dosage
    •  Metabolism
    •  Overall health state
    •  Time length and frequency of use

    In general, the long you’ve been using Ambien … the harder detox will be.  If you’ve been using it for a longer time and taking high doses, then you can expect to experience a longer withdrawal process with more possible difficulties.

    Still, it is difficult to know how long withdrawal will last or how difficult it be. Why? Because we are individuals. We each use drugs for different reasons. Likewise, use patterns and dependency differ.

    Is Ambien Withdrawal Dangerous?

    Again, people with higher levels of dependence are more likely to experience dangerous withdrawal symptoms. Severe seizures might occur and even be fatal. People with certain mental health issues are also at risk. For these reasons, Ambien withdrawals should always be carried out under medical supervision. 

    You should never quit cold turkey. Doctors will taper your dose, thereby your body can gradually resume normal functioning.

    A List of Withdrawal Symptoms

    Withdrawal symptoms begin within approximately 48 hours after your last Ambien dose. Some people have experienced symptoms as early as a few hours later.

    Withdrawal symptoms may include:

    •  Abdominal cramps and discomfort.
    •  Anxiety.
    •  Cravings for Ambien.
    •  Delirium.
    •  Depression.
    •  Fatigue.
    •  Flushing.
    •  Irritability.
    •  Mood swings.
    •  Nausea and/or vomiting.
    •  Panic attacks.
    •  Rapid heart rate and breathing.
    •  Rebound insomnia.
    •  Seizures.
    •  Sweating.
    •  Tremoring.
    •  Uncontrollable crying.

    The Basic Timeline

     The timeline after your last dose of Ambien can be divided into five stages.:

    1. The First 24 to 72 Hours. During this period, your symptoms begin their peak and are most uncomfortable. Usually, you can expect to feel both physical and psychological symptoms.

    ◦ Physical Withdrawal Symptoms:
    ▪ Shaking
    ▪ Vomiting

    ◦ Psychological Withdrawal Symptoms:
    ▪ Anxiety
    ▪ Confusion
    ▪ Fearfulness
    ▪ Hallucinations
    ▪ Memory loss
    ▪ Mood swings
    ▪ Psychosis
    ▪ Sleeping disorder

    2. Week 1. After the first week, acute withdrawal tends to resolve. Symptoms have lessened to a great extent, but not the cravings. Also, many people find themselves experiencing depression and paranoia during this period. A tendency to experience trouble sleeping, or nightmares, is still present; in particular, for those experiencing mental trauma (in general or due to the withdrawal). So, it’s important to undergo psychotherapy treatment in order to get help for coping with this situation.

    3. Week 2. Cravings, depression and paranoia are not as strong as they were the week before. During this week you might feel foggy as though you can’t think straight. For this reason, it’s possible to experience mood swings. However, your sleep begins to stabilize.

    4. Week 3. Your cravings have further decreased. You might still experience sleeping disorders.

    5. Week 4. You definitely begin feeling better, though there may be still some traces of anxiety and/or irritability. Your sleep starts becoming really stable. Your body and brain are noticeably getting back to their normal functioning.

    After the first month of Ambien withdrawal, heavier users possibly may experience post acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). This is when withdrawal symptoms last for a much longer period of time, about six months after cessation.

    The most common PAWS symptoms associated with Ambien are:

    •  Anxiety
    •  Cravings
    •  Depression
    •  Insomnia
    •  Nightmares

    When planning to quit Ambien, always seek medical consultation with a doctor who is experienced in tapering doses of zolpidem in order to get a customized plan. 

    Medicines that Help

    Usually doctors don’t prescribe other medications during Ambien withdrawal. Instead, they taper Ambien doses to fully resolve dependence and address insomnia simultaneously. In these cases, it can take weeks to months for a gentle taper. You can find benzo equivalent dosing schedule on Dr. Heather Ashton’s website. However, if insomnia is severe and a lack of Ambien causes it to come back, you may be prescribed a medication solely for that reason.

    To date, there are very few medications available for Ambien withdrawals. Doctors don’t want to risk further addiction, so they tend to prescribe short term therapies for the instances of anxiety and depression as mental withdrawal symptoms.

    Natural Remedies that Help

    What can you do to get a better night sleep without the drug?

    Since chronic insomnia is probably an issue for some of you, a few different natural remedies are offered below that not only help with withdrawals but also with sleep.

    Acupuncture. While this is still being researched, a more recent study found that  acupuncture had positive effects on reducing withdrawal symptoms, in particular for those dealing with great discomfort from withdrawal.

    Distractions. When you’re going through withdrawal – particularly, psychological withdrawal – you’ll want to keep your mind occupied to outwit cravings. There are a variety of ways to do this and it all depends on who you are as an individual. Some find help in the arts (such as playing music, drawing, or writing in a journal) while others find new habits to be very beneficial (such as cooking or gardening). Don’t be afraid to experiment around while you’re in treatment. You might just learn something new about yourself.

    Exercise. At most medical detox clinics, exercise is highly recommended to those going through detox because it promotes natural dopamine and endorphins. In case of Ambien withdrawal, exercise has been shown to help people get a better night’s rest. Though this isn’t true for everyone, it may just be the secret you’ve been missing out on.

    Meditation and Yoga. Withdrawal can bring a lot of stress . Meditation and yoga not only mitigate withdrawal symptoms, but also help reducing cravings. These types of alternative therapies are also beneficial for those dealing with mental illness alongside their addiction, such as anxiety and depression.

    Nutrition. While not the case for everyone, some drug users find themselves with a poor diet. However, an even bigger issue is that many drugs have the effect of absorbing much of what people eat. Drugs like Ambien can also cause loss of appetite. While in recovery, it’s vital to get your body back on track with water and healthy foods.

    All of the above have potential to promote better sleep. Of course, people with chronic insomnia might need more than a natural remedy to benefit them. If this is your case, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor. Chances are they will figure out the solution right for you.

    Where to Go for Help

    If you need help for Ambien dependence, you are not alone.In 2015, the estimated number of Ambien and other sedatives users was 446,000. So where can you start?Dr. Heather Ashton wrote the book, “The Ashton Manual” that outlined withdrawal procedure and protocols for benzodiazepines. While Ambien IS NOT A BENZO, it can be helpful to read the book and to adapt some if its principles in your own case.Where else can you look?

    You’ll also want to reach out to family and friends. As you try to quit Ambien, you’re going to be in need of a support system. The people you can always turn back to when things get difficult. Furthermore, even after treatment when recovery is still ongoing, you’ll have people there when need be. If you’re a family member or friend of someone who’s addicted to Ambien there are a variety of options for you to seek help for your loved one.

    When you do find the right treatment, you can give us a call. We’re always happy to help.

    Where to Find Local Help

    To find where you find local help during Ambien withdrawal, start with your family doctor and work your way out to other connections. Seek information from:

    While you may be concerned about anonymity, also know that Americans are increasingly destigmatizing issues with prescription medications, especially through advocacy groups like Facing Addiction. In fact, an estimated one in three American families experiences a problem with drugs or alcohol through one close family member. So, your friends and family can also be a source of help.

    Your Questions

    If you have any further questions pertaining to Ambien withdrawal, we invite you to ask them in the comments section below. If you have any advice to give for people currently withdrawing, we’d also love to hear from you. We try to provide a personal response to each comment and get back to you promptly.
    REFERENCE SOURCES:

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  • Risks of Drug Abuse in Developing Asia | Can We Help?

    Risks of Drug Abuse in Developing Asia | Can We Help?

    TABLE OF CONTENTS:

    A Lack of Funding or Geopolitics?

    Understanding drug abuse in developing Asian countries is a more complex task than you might think. Between the realities of a geopolitically divided world and the many challenges unique to Asia itself, the interrelated problems of drug abuse and the spread of communicable disease have lingered past the point of reason in developing countries such as:
    • The Republic of Korea
    • Myanmar
    • Indonesia
    • Cambodia

    …and elsewhere.

    However, no matter how you measure it, the situation ends up looking like a referendum on austerity. A lack of public funding is the proximate cause of these nations’ struggles with drug abuse and the risks it represents. But a lot of the blame lies with Western leaders, who for generations have preferred exporting conflict instead of practical knowledge and cooperation.

    Before the rest of the world can understand the requirements, we need to take an honest look at some of the factors that contribute to this ongoing problem in the first place. Nobody should believe the proximate cause is a lack of self-control or a lapse in individual morals, as we’re often meant to think about drug users.

    Rather, drug abuse is both a social and practical problem.

    Drug use in developing countries is a problem with a clear solution. In fact, the problem has steps worth taking, for both Asian nations and for those looking on in interest and concern from other shores.

    Understanding the Risk Factors

    The developing parts of Asia are not, in the grand scheme of things, “uniquely” at risk of abusing drugs. But there are some factors here which make drug use uniquely interrelated with the spread of highly infectious and dangerous diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

    One challenge health care workers and world institutions face is the sheer size and diversity of Asia’s population. Another challenge is that, in parts of the continent, a working knowledge of modern medicine has not permeated yet. The use of heroin, cannabis and hashish is common throughout Asia — and not exclusively for recreational use, either. Depending on the region, people have used some of these substances for traditional and medicinal purposes for generations unnumbered, according to the WHO.

    Furthermore, injection is the preferred method for administering some of these “medicines.” In the 1990s, for example, the use of amphetamine-style drugs began to dramatically rise in popularity throughout the developed and developing parts of Asia, including the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Japan, Myanmar, the Philippines and elsewhere. And at locations where a local doctor or religious leader administers ostensibly “medicinal” drugs, it’s not uncommon for up to 50 “patients” to share a single needle.

    Another condition that has shaped Asia’s relationships with illicit drugs also include the overlap between what experts call “IDUs” — injecting drug users — and sex work. In the parts of the world where sex work is most common, drug abuse seems to follow.

    So, it quickly becomes apparent that risk of disease is high. Add to this the lack of authoritative, accessible health care systems and an inclusive educational system…and we can begin to understand the complexity of regional issues. Each of these factors contribute to the likelihood of drug abuse and exposure to its many risks.

    Although men abuse a majority of opium and other drugs in Asia, the WHO has observed upticks in the number of female and child drug users in developing regions.

    Profiles of Drug Users in Asia

    Reports have disagreed for years about the rate at which women abuse drugs in Asian countries. Smoking opium, in particular, was historically a male pursuit. But authorities worry we’ve been underreporting the rate at which women use injectable drugs. They are also concerned we’ll see current numbers rise even further — perhaps to as high as 25 percent of the drug-using population — as we study these trends and better understand these “hidden” populations in Asia.

    The portraits of at-risk communities in portions of Vietnam, Cambodia and even parts of China include higher-than-average percentages of homeless children and high rates of both male and female sex workers, all of which has known ties to drug abuse. Educational levels vary among Asia’s drug-using population, but unemployment and underemployment are also major drivers and sustainers of drug use in Asian communities.

    What Asia Needs from the Rest of the World

    In their most recent tussles over tariffs and the exportation of goods and knowledge, most wealthier nations haven’t worried themselves too much about exporting the materials and personnel necessary for up-and-coming countries to invest in their education and health care systems. Indeed, wealthy governments don’t usually concern themselves with ensuring the prosperity of other peoples of the world, especially those in developing nations.

    Suffice it to say, evidence-based drug abuse and HIV prevention measures are not common in middle-income and impoverished countries in Asia. If there’s a public health budget at all, rather little of it tends to be earmarked for prevention and educational/outreach purposes.

    This general lack of institutional health resources — plus the public tendency toward avoidance of topics about the relationships between promiscuous sex, the spread of STDs and the use of injectable drugs — trap developing countries in cycles of poverty that leave people lacking essential resources and a livable degree of dignity for generations at a time.

    The main point is this: Living life in poverty further fuels drug use in at-risk communities in Asia and beyond.

    But it’s not just care for, and education of, the drug user or patient that matters. We must also make efforts to help these countries better educate their police forces. There is a balance to be found between approaches that emphasize harm reduction and those that focus on occupational safety for police officers. There is, appropriately, concern among law enforcement that drug users might have dangerous paraphernalia on them, such as used needles. And accidents can happen.

    Efforts to better educate members of the law enforcement community can yield better, and more compassionate, results. In Kyrgyzstan, officers who received education about what daily life is like for drug users came to employ more compassionate means to keep the peace in their communities, including referring patients to public health facilities, instead of confiscating their property or condemning them to criminal proceedings.

    Supervised Injection Sites

    In Europe, and even certain areas in the United States, one type of public health investment that’s resulted in positive returns is called a “supervised injection site.” Citing successes in Europe, cities like Seattle, Washington provide drug users with safe places where they can gradually wean themselves off chemical dependencies. Supervised injection sites are motivated by harm reduction ideologies, without the need to use on the street and risk using a contaminated syringe or needle.

    The idea is not to encourage “moderate” drug use. It’s to provide community-based aid and practical, compassionate next steps for people suffering from the effects of drug dependency. Beyond that, supervised injection sites help slow the spread of infectious diseases among drug-using communities that might otherwise be sharing needles.

    Still, safe injection facilities are uncommon even in the developed world due to social stigmas and a lack of funding — and that makes them even rarer in developing countries. In Kazakhstan, for example, political controversy derailed a national opioid substitution therapy program. And in Uzbekistan, a similar federal-level pilot program for weaning patients off opioids got rejected before the first trials had finished.

    General Takeaways

    There is now plenty of evidence linking the abuse of drugs in developing nations with incidences of HIV/AIDS and STD transmission, among other forms of social harm. But what tends to be missing is serious attention and follow-through from the countries who have the resources to do something.

    The institutions whose job it is to study trends like these and draw up actionable conclusions, such as the WHO and Family Health International, agree reducing drug abuse and its many ancillary types of harm in the developing areas of Asia comes down to three major components of a long-overdue consciousness-raising campaign:

    1. Syringe exchange programs are a proven success that can save lives and tens of millions of dollars. If the developing world adopts them in higher numbers, they can save lives there, too, and help prevent the spread of infection.

    2. Residents of these nations need better access to biomedical and behavioral preventive medicine. Behavioral prevention might take the form of educational mission trips, which can help deliver some of the practical, and potentially life-saving, knowledge these citizens need to understand their health better.

    3. Developed nations must share their resources for HIV/AIDS treatment strategies, including making testing protocols more widely available and sharing plans for education and early detection.

    Still, economic austerity plays a hugely detrimental role in the health of world citizens. In Greece, following that country’s economic meltdown in 2007, some of the following years saw roughly 15-fold increases in rates of HIV infection. As a country’s tax revenue falls — or, rather, gets siphoned off to fund privately owned enterprises — that country’s investments in public health and medicine must also fall, and the health and “health literacy” of its citizens necessarily suffers.

    It’s possible to measure a country’s greatness by how willing it is to help vulnerable people turn their lives around. Because of this, Asia’s struggle with drugs is everybody’s struggle.

    Your Comments

    Like what you’ve read here?

    Have an opinion yourself?

    Please leave your comments in the section at the end of the page. We’d love to hear from you! We will try to respond to all comments and questions personally and promptly.

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  • The Genetics of Alcoholism

    The Genetics of Alcoholism

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Scientists still have not identified the combination of genes thought to increase risk of alcohol problems. In this article, we outline the possible risk factors and share some tips on how to protect yourself if you are genetically predisposed to becoming an alcoholic. Then, we welcome your questions at the end.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: 10 minutes.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS:

    Alcohol Addiction and Genetics

    Alcohol is the #1 drug in the world. It’s consumed everywhere, from places of work to places of worship. But what can be causing alcoholism? And do your genes have something to do with it?

    Maybe.

    Genes are passed on by our parents, and some of those genes contain predisposition towards alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcoholism. But just how much those genes influence us is still up for debate. According to the study Genetics and Alcoholism alcoholism is a complex genetic disease, with variations in a large number of genes affecting risk. So, what puts some people more at risk than others?

    Most of us can see that alcohol use disorder run in some families. For example, if you have a drinking problem and create a Family Map, you can probably identify multiple people across many generations that also struggle with alcohol. Further, among people who drink too much, those who are genetically predisposed have a higher risk of developing alcohol use disorder.

    However, even though people can have ‘the alcoholic gene’, it doesn’t mean that they will become alcohol dependent. Social and environmental factors play a huge role in becoming an addict.

    In sum, it is true that our genetic structure determines human traits such as physical characteristics (eye and hair color) and behavioral characteristics, including aggression and depression. But the truth is that there are many factors that create the perfect environment for alcohol problems. And our genes DO NOT INFLUENCE US AS MUCH AS WE THINK.

    Main Genetic Studies

    It ihas been established that genetics is responsible for alcohol use disorder about 50% of the time. However, genetic expression is more complex field then we think. How genetic material can influence the ‘final product’ of one person is still unknown. So, what landmark studies back this up?

    There are numerous studies that work on identifying the genes that can lead to alcoholism. The DRD2 gene was the first gene that showed promise of revealing the connection of alcoholism and genetics. Also, researchers at  the University of California in San Francisco UCSF are studying the fruit flies to find the genetic traits of alcoholism claiming that drunken fruit flies behave in the same way humans do when they drink.

    According to this study funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Genetic Research: Who Is At Risk for Alcoholism? researchers concluded that many twin, adoption, and family studies conclusively demonstrated that genetic factors account for 50 to 60 percent of the variance in risk for developing alcoholism.

    And to move the field forward, the NIAAA started the Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), a large–scale family study designed to identify genes that affect the risk for alcoholism and alcohol–related characteristics and behavior. COGA holds data on more than 2,255 extended families and more than 17,702 individuals that struggle with alcoholism.

    If you like to learn more about the main studies that contributed to this topic check out this collection of studies: A Brief History Of Research on the Genetics of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders. 

    Certain combinations of genes that hold alcohol dependency material may increase your risk of developing alcoholism. 

    The “Alcoholic Gene”

    Do you believe that only one gene is responsible for inheriting alcoholism?

    You are wrong!

    There are hundreds of genes in one’s DNA that can increase the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder. Each gene plays a different role in your personal traits, and certain combinations of these genes may hold the key of alcoholism. The study Genes Contributed to The Development of Alcoholism claims that the genes most strongly implicated are those encoding the key enzymes of alcohol metabolism: ADHs and ALDHs.

    Moreover, COGA lists several genes that are connected to the development of alcoholism. These can include:

    DNA Regions with Susceptibility Genes. Genetic analysis has provided evidence that regions on 3 chromosomes contain genes that increase the risk for alcohol use disorder. Regions on chromosomes 1 and 7 have the strongest evidence, while regions on chromosome 2 have more modest evidence.

    DNA Regions with Protective Genes. In cases where one sibling is dealing with alcoholism while the other is nonalcoholic, there is an evidence of a protective gene found in the region of chromosome 4. This means that variants of a gene or genes in this region may reduce risk of becoming alcohol dependent.

    DNA Regions Related to Symptoms of Alcoholism. Signs and symptoms that are used to diagnose alcohol use disorder are very diverse, and range from biological symptoms to social symptoms. However, each individual who deals with AUD holds a unique set of symptoms. Therefore, a diagnose for AUD does not have a strict uniform phenotype. This fact complicates genetic analyses, but COGA researchers have created more defined phenotypes that are focused on the level of severity of alcoholism. These data provide evidence of DNA regions on chromosome 16 associated with higher risk for more severe drinking problems.

    DNA Regions Associated with Co–Occurring Disorders. Many people diagnosed with depression also develop alcoholism. Depression and alcoholism are linked to a gene/or genes found in the region of chromosome 1.

    DNA Regions Linked with Electrophysiological Measures. Reduced electrophysiological variables, such as EEGs (that measure brain activity) and ERPs (are brain waves elicited as a response to specific stimuli) seem to be a heritable phenotypes found in many cases of alcohol use disorder.

    Candidate Genes. Some genes encode components of various brain chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin that allow communication among cells. If some of these routes of communications are disturbed, the person may be prone to using substances.

    You can find more information on genes that put you at risk of becoming alcohol dependent here:

    Main Findings

    Just to clarify, there is still no clear evidence of what genes you need to have to be prone to becoming alcohol dependent. Specialists create theories that need to be more thoroughlt tested and elaborated upon. Additional work is required.

    All theories and studies into the genetics of alcoholism share a common finding: alcohol changes in an addict’s brain activity.

    Many substances affect the ‘reward circuit’ of the brain by releasing larger amounts of dopamine. This circuit regulates the ability to feel pleasure, and encourages a person to repeat the action that cause pleasure. If a person repeats the action over and over again, the brain starts to change, adopting the action as a normal and losing the ability to resist intense impulses (cravings).

    And it is this change in brain function that makes it difficult to quit drinking. Here’s an explanation from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) about how the brain responds to drugs like alcohol.

    Genetics are only 50% responsible for the development of an alcohol use disorder.

    Environment vs. DNA

    Only 10% of people who consume alcoholwill go one to develop physical or mental dependency on alcohol.

    So, how do genes affects alcohol addiction?

    Genetics only make up half of the whole alcohol problem. Environment plays a huge role in becoming dependent. For instance, some people cannot deal with stress, and are unable to cope with hard relationships or work. So, as a coping mechanism they choose drinking. Also, people who are exposed to substances for longer time, are more likelyto become dependent. Moreover, a traumatic event may be the cause for one individual to turn to alcohol.

    Some of the numerous environmental factors can include:

    • Attitudes and beliefs.
    • Bad parenting.
    • Culture background.
    • Financial status.
    • Life qualities.
    • Physical abuse.
    • Peer pressure.
    • School factors.
    • Sexual abuse.

    … and many more.

    The SAMHSA’s National Survey on Drug Use and Health report of 2016 estimated that 15.1 million people aged 12 or older had alcohol use disorder in the previous year. This means that 1 in 18 Americans had drinking problems. But, can we blame genetics for all these cases?

    Of course not.

    If you are genetically prone to developing alcohol use disorder, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you will become an alcoholic. As you begin to understand the genetics of addiction … you need to know that alcoholism is not an inevitability. Having genetic predisposition to alcohol problems simply means that you are at higher risk of a problem. And while drinking begins as a choice, many studies suggest that alcoholism is largely connected with an individual’s control.

    So, the choice to raise a glass is yours. You make the decision to try alcohol, or not. Even though you may hold a high genetic risk of AUD, most people are first driven to try alcohol by a nonhereditary factor, which is usually environmental in nature. Here’s a diagram of the relationship between genes and environment that might provide you with a visual aid to understand the interplay:

    Alcoholism Genetic Risk Factors

    Many factors play a role in developing a drinking problem. These factors interact differently for different people. So, the same factors might lead to alcoholism in some, and not in others. The risk factors are divided into two categories:

    External factors:

    • Age
    • Cultural norms
    • Education
    • Employment status
    • Environment
    • Family
    • Social norms
    • Religion

    Internal factors:

    • Drinking history
    • Genetics
    • Personality
    • Personal choice
    • Psychological conditions

    For example, findings published by the NIAAA show that children of alcoholics are about four times more likely to develop alcoholism than the general population. These children are also at high risk for many other behavioral and emotional problems. Genes are not the only factor in these cases, how alcoholic parents act and treat their children play a huge role in developing drinking problems. Some aspects that may increase the risk for alcoholism include:

    • An alcoholic parent is depressed or has other psychological issues.
    • Both parents drink alcohol and/or use other substances.
    • Conflicts because of alcohol use lead to aggression and violence in the family.
    • Parent’s alcohol use is severe.

    To repeat, a combination of these risk factors may be the cause of alcohol use disorder for some, but not for others. This fact makes it difficult to predict who might become alcoholic, and who will not.

    Avoiding a Problem

    So, how can you protect yourself from a drinking problem? How can you avoid alcoholism if it runs in your family? The first thing you need to do in order to protect yourself is to learn your family history regarding alcoholism. Make a Family Map with an addiction counselor or other behavioral health professional…or you can learn how to make a family map here.

    If you are among millions of people who have a parent, grandparent, or other close relative with drinking problems, there is a way to protect yourself by lowering these risks:

    Avoid underage drinking. Underage drinking is illegal at the first place. Second, studies show that the risk of developing alcohol use disorder is higher among people who started drinking at early age.

    Drink in moderation. Adults who choose to drink should drink in moderation. Not only because of the risk of alcoholism, but also because alcohol may cause many health problems.

    Consult with a health care professional. Never hesitate to ask for help! Discuss your issues with professionals. They can help you find a suitable treatment or groups that can help you manage your alcohol problems.

    The good news? Many children of alcoholics do not develop drinking problems. Awareness and action are key!

    What’s Your Risk of Alcoholism?

    Do you think that you may be at risk of developing alcohol use disorder? How can you be sure? The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism outlines general guidelines.

    For women, problem drinking is:

    • Drinking more that 1 standard drink daily.
    • Drinking more than 7 drinks weekly.
    • Drinking more than 3 drinks on any single day.

    For men, problem drinking is::

    • Drinking more than 2 drinks daily.
    • Drinking more than 14 drinks weekly.
    • Drinking more than 4 drinks on any single day.

    Moreover, there are also two ‘at-risk’ drinking patterns that can lead to alcohol use disorders:

    1. Binge drinking – It is a drinking pattern that levels up the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.8 g/dl or above, which is usually happening after 4 drinks for women, and 5 drinks for men in a one drinking session of about 2 hours.

    2. Heavy drinking is a binge drinking on 5 or more days in one month period.

    Did you find yourself in some of these patterns?

    Don’t wait until it’s too late, reach out for help!

    Top 10 Alcohol and Genetics Facts

    If drinking problems run in you family, don’t worry… It doesn’t mean that you will become addicted to alcohol. After all, even though you may have the ‘alcoholic gene’, alcoholism does not need to be your destiny. You are just at risk.

    Below is a list of 10 facts about alcohol and genetics:

    1. Genetics is about 50% responsible for developing alcohol use disorder.
    2. One gene is not responsible for causing alcohol problems. A certain combination of hundreds of genes in individual’s DNA can increase the risk of developing alcoholism.
    3. Having the ‘alcohol gene’ doesn’t mean that you will become an alcoholic.
    4. Children with an alcoholic parent are four times more likely to develop alcohol use disorder.
    5. Only 10% of people who drink become alcoholics.
    6. Even though you may begenetically predisposed to alcoholism,your choice to try alcohol in the first place is usually triggered by envinronmental factors.
    7. A combination of external and internal factors may lead to drinking problems.
    8. Environmental factors play a huge role in developing alcoholism.
    9. Drinking excessively over a long period of time puts you at higher risk of a drinking problem, even if you are not genetically predisposed to alcohol use disorder.
    10. Scientists still haven’t identified which genes are responsible for increasing the risk of developing alcohol use disorder.

    Reference sourses: NIAAA: Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder
    NIAAA: A Family History of Alcoholism
    NIAAA: Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism – Study
    NCBI: Genetics and Alcoholism 
    NCBI: Genetic factors influencing alcohol dependence

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  • These Deadly Drugs are Sold as Molly

    These Deadly Drugs are Sold as Molly

    ARTICLE OVERVIEW: Molly can be cut with: anesthetics like dextromethorphan or ketamine, psychoactive substances such as “Bath Salts” or methylenedioxyamphetamine, and stimulants such as amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, methamphetamine. What dangers do these pose? We review here. Then, we invite your questions at the end.

    ESTIMATED READING TIME: Less than 10 minutes.

    Table of Contents:

    What is Molly?

    Molly is an extremely popular drug whose use is synonymous with the club scene. People use it to fuel their club experience with euphoric sensations. However, due to the popular demand, dealers have been selling other drugs as Molly for the sake of making a quick buck. These drugs are much more dangerous in terms of what they can do to your health… and increased possibilities for addiction.

    So, what is Molly…in its pure form?

    3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) is the primary chemical found in Molly. It’s a synthetic substance known to change one’s perception and state of mind. People who take Molly find that its effects are comparable to stimulants (such as cocaine) and hallucinogens (such as LSD). When you’re high on Molly, you can expect to feel:

    • Change in perception (awareness of environment and condition)
    • Distorted auditory and visuals
    • Emotional warmth
    • Heightened energy
    • Strong sensations of pleasure

    People generally take Molly at clubs and dance parties (a.k.a. raves). It’s usually taken through a capsule or tablet, but some people take it in its liquid form, or snort it. Sometimes people will also take it with other drugs to further promote the effects.

    But how does Molly affect the brain? And where are the risks for health and addiction involved?

    How It Affects the Brain

    When someone takes Molly, the chemical structure of the drug boosts the activity of three different neurotransmitters. These are chemical messengers that send signals from the brain throughout the rest of the body and back to the brain. The three main neurotransmitters stimulated by MDMA are:
    • Dopamine
    • Norepinephrine
    • Serotonin

    Since Molly increases the activity of these neurotransmitters, it also blocks off their natural reproduction. Without the drug, the body experiences a deficit and difficulty producing these chemicals on its own. During this “crash” period, the brain and body will experience withdrawal. If repeated frequently, this is the cycle of addiction.

    The big difference between MDMA and other drugs is it creates more of a psychological and emotional addiction rather than a physical one. This means that some people can depend on Molly in order to cope with certain emotions or to handle various forms of mental health. With that in mind, let’s take a look at other drugs that people claim to be Molly…but that have even higher addiction potential.

    What Drugs Are Sold as Molly?

    According to the Drug Policy Alliance, there are actually a variety of drugs being sold as Molly. The prime reason for this is Molly is often laced. The purity of MDMA within Molly all depends on a number of inconsistent factors such as the location of the drug manufacturer, the time period it’s been created, and the people behind distribution. The different chemicals which Molly may be mixed with are:
    • Anesthetics

    ◦ Dextromethorphan (DXM – can be found in cough medicines)

    ◦ Ketamine (“Special K”)

    •    Psychoactive Substances

    ◦ “Bath Salts” (a synthetic cathinone

    ◦ Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

    •    Stimulants

    ◦ Amphetamine

    ◦ Caffeine

    ◦ Cocaine

    ◦ Methamphetamine

    All of these drugs not only augment the effects of the Molly but can also increase harm to your health. In fact, the biggest risk is that you can’t 100% know what’s in the drug you’re taking. And many of the drugs listed above hold great potential for harm.

    For example, let’s take a look at “Bath Salts”. These are human-made chemicals known as synthetic cathinones. Usually appearing in the form of white or brown transparent powder, this psychoactive drug is relatively new to the public. It’s created in a home laboratory using a variety of ingredients and techniques which change over time. On the streets, “Bath Salts” are advertised as a cheaper alternative to drugs such as Molly.

    It’s important to understand that the effects of “Bath Salts” on the brain and body aren’t entirely known since not enough research has been done as of this time. What we do know is the effects are very similar to that of other amphetamines. Like Molly, there’s a rise in certain neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Furthermore, “Bath Salts” also produce hallucinations similar to MDMA. However, instead of leaving the user with a sense of euphoria, “Bath Salts” are known to cause extreme delirium which, in turn, leads to other health complications such as:

    • Ability to put oneself in dangerous situations
    • Breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue
    • Dehydration
    • Kidney failure

    Even more so, people will cut “Bath Salts” with other substances. So, if a drug dealer gets their hands on these synthetic cathinones and wants to cut it with their Molly, there’s risk of the “Bath Salt” already containing other chemicals.

    This is where taking Molly becomes extremely dangerous and, in some cases, deadly. When someone enters a club with the intention of getting high on Molly, chances are they aren’t getting pure Molly. The person distributing at these clubs could also hand out other drugs and label them as Molly to bring in more customers.

    Dangers of Molly

    The primary danger in taking Molly is that most of the time the drug you’re taking isn’t pure MDMA. However, Molly can be dangerous in and of itself. Health harms can be categorized into the short-term effects and the long-term effects.

    The short-term effects are what will happen while on the drug or within a small period after the drug’s high is over. Often the “crash” to follow is so intense, people take a second dose in order to avoid these negative effects. The short-term health problems involved in MDMA are:

    • Blurred vision
    • Chills
    • Involuntary teeth clenching
    • Muscle cramps
    • Nausea
    • Seizures
    • Sweating
    • Vomiting

    The long-term effects are what will happen if Molly is abused over a period of time. For one, the body can become used to the chemical structure of the drug and, therefore, need it as a means of feeling normal. Without the drug, you can expect to experience:

    • Aggression
    • Anxiety
    • Compulsivity
    • Decreased appetite
    • Decreased sexual desire
    • Depression
    • Irritability
    • Memory and attention complications
    • Regulation of body’s temperature (which can result in heart, kidney, or liver failure).
    • Sleep problems

    As you can see, the health problems caused by MDMA are primarily psychological. This is due to the fact that Molly causes a psychological addiction more so than a physical one. Signs of a Molly addiction include:

    • Compulsivity to use the drug on a daily basis.
    • Putting oneself in dangerous positions just to obtain or use Molly.
    • Give up prior interests for the sake of getting high.
    • Failing to meet responsibilities (i.e. school, work) due to Molly use.
    • Developing a tolerance to Molly.

    Danger of Molly Substitutes

    The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has reported that from a sample bunch of Molly tablets, only 30-40% of the drug was MDMA. The rest was cut with another substance. Therefore, the health risks involved with Molly go beyond the harm in Molly itself.

    Since there are so many other substances which Molly can be cut with, it’s impossible to identify all the health risks involved in each particular Molly batch.

    The following information is what NIDA has reported as the most common health harms caused by Molly or Molly substitute use. This information is based on both MDMA and potential cutting agents associated with the drug.

    • Cardiovascular System

    When people use Molly for a long period of time, there have been many instances of cardiovascular issues  including:

    ◦ Abnormal heartbeat

    ◦ High blood pressure

    ◦ Increased chance of stroke or heart attack

    •  Changes in the Brain

    As mentioned, Molly primarily affects a user’s psychology. With that in mind, people can develop a variety of mental complications due to using too much of the drug. These include mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, and difficulty with attention, memory, or problem-solving.

    • Heightened Body Temperature

    Almost immediately after taking Molly, your sympathetic nervous system is affected. This system is responsible for a variety of bodily functions and, therefore, dangers aren’t simply attached to the sympathetic nervous system itself. Some of the complications involved are:

    ◦ Dehydration

    ◦ Hyperthermia

    ◦ Seizures

    • Kidney Damage
    • Liver Damage
    • Mood Swings

    Along with changes to the brain, heavy Molly users will most likely have mood swings due to the lack of natural neurotransmitters the drug has produced. Without the drug, their brain’s wiring won’t allow for “good feelings” unless one is under the influence. Therefore, people struggling with a Molly dependence can expect to feel a euphoric openness while high, only to face an intense depression with lingering hopelessness while not high. As time goes on and abuse continues, the mood swings hold a strong potential to worsen and become an even bigger problem.

    • Physical Dependence

    It’s mentioned above that physical dependences due to use of Molly aren’t as likely as a psychological one. However, they’re still possible. Since a tolerance is built in long-term users, there are ways in which the body is affected. Primarily, through the way in which Molly affects the mind. For example, if the brain becomes depressed due to a lack of Molly, the body might become fatigued. Again, physical dependence is much less when comparing Molly to other drugs, but it’s still a factor.

    • Substance Abuse Disorder

    According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), a substance abuse disorder is when a person recurrently uses drugs which, in turn, cause significant impairment to functionality and one’s health.

    Basics to Treatment

    If you think that you have a problem with Molly…it’s possible that you do. But have hope! Treatment for drug problems works. A combination of talk therapy and medications is usually best … and can get you back on your feet, drug-free. Generally, there are five main steps to treating drug addiction.

           1. A Medical Assessment

    Within a reputable treatment facility, a doctor will test you and ask a variety of questions as a means of collecting information on your current condition. Through this, he/she will have the ability to offer you the best treatment path for your needs.

    2. A Medical Detox

    During detox, you’re going to experience Molly withdrawals. This is the body and brain removing the chemical structure of MDMA from your system as a means of redeveloping your natural, organic chemical structure – a state known as homeostasis. When it comes to Molly, it usually only takes around 2-4 days to withdraw. However, duration of withdrawal also depends on the severity of your addiction. People who use a higher dose and have been for a longer period of time are more likely to experience longer withdrawals. Common Molly withdrawal symptoms include:

    ◦ Anxiety
    ◦ Confusion
    ◦ Constipation
    ◦ Dehydration
    ◦ Depression
    ◦ Diarrhea
    ◦ Fatigue
    ◦ Hallucinations
    ◦ Irritability
    ◦ Lack of motivation
    ◦ Lethargy
    ◦ Loss of appetite
    ◦ Physical exhaustion
    ◦ Trouble concentrating

    3. Psychotherapies

    After detox, your mind will still consist of cravings and have trouble functioning without the sake of Molly. Though this happens with every addiction, it can be more prominent in MDMA due to the fact that it’s such a psychologically addictive substance. The purpose of psychotherapies is to teach you how to handle everyday emotions and life stressors without needing Molly. You’ll also be educated on techniques to reduce cravings.

    Furthermore, talk therapies hold great importance because, as mentioned, people who struggle with an MDMA addiction often develop mental health issues as well. If you’re experiencing any kind of disorder due to your Molly abuse, it will be addressed during this stage and afterward. These therapies come in a variety of forms, including:

    ◦ Family therapy
    ◦ Group therapy
    ◦ Individual Counseling

            4. Pharmacotherapy (Medications)

    People who enter treatment are sometimes offered medication as a means of easing withdrawal symptoms and reducing cravings. Though, it should be noted there are currently no known medications to properly treat Molly addiction. In order to find out if any medications can benefit you, you’ll want to consult a doctor. For example, short-term use of antidepressants may be appropriate. Or, in some cases, anti-psychotics may be required. This is why full assessment is crucial before treatment begins.

    5. Educational Sessions

    Addiction treatment often includes formal and informal meetings where you’ll be informed about the dangers of MDMA addiction and how to prevent relapse. Both inpatient and outpatient treatment centers should educate you on how your brain responds to certain drugs. This helps you avoid the chemical high in the future.

    Where to Find Help

    When trying to find treatment for a drug problem with Molly, it can be difficult to know where to turn. Luckily, there are a variety of places to turn to. The first person you’ll want to ask is your doctor or physician. S/He will have the references for the best addiction treatment centers within your area.

    From there, you can begin researching different types of treatment programs and their requirements. Through this, you can figure out which one is best for you. If you want a more precise search in terms of psychotherapist and counselors, you have these internet searches at your disposal:

    Furthermore, keep an eye out for support groups either outside or within your treatment program. The people involved in these will help you along the recovery process and make sure you stay sober.

    If you need to reach out to someone immediately, here are some hotline numbers to contact:

    • Drug Hotline: 877-736-9802
    • National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI): 800-729-6686
    • National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Hope Line: 800-475-HOPE (4673)
    • National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Referral Service 800-622-4357
    • National Suicide Prevention Helpline: 800-273-TALK (8255) or 800-SUICIDE (784-2433)
    • Substance Abuse Helpline (available 24/7): 800-923-4327
    • Relapse Prevention Hotline: 800-RELAPSE (735-2773)

    When you’re ready to look for treatment, we’re always glad to help! Feel free to give us a call.

    Your Questions

    If you have any questions pertaining to deadly drugs sold as Molly or MDMA, we invite you to ask them below. If you have any advice to give to those struggling with addiction or wondering more about these potentially dangerous drugs, we’d also love to hear from you. We try to reply to each comment in a prompt and personal manner.

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